Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jun;69(6):611-619.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2025.02.473. Epub 2025 Mar 5.

Longitudinal Urine Drug Testing Among Patients Receiving Opioids for Cancer Pain

Amanda V Gusovsky Chevalier  1 , Julia L Agne  2 , Laura J Rush  1 , Justin Kullgren  2 , Adria Lam  3 , Maureen Saphire  4 , Darian C Rostam  2 , Gennaro Di Tosto  1 , Ann Scheck McAlearney  5 , Sachin S Kale  6
Affiliations
Free article

Longitudinal Urine Drug Testing Among Patients Receiving Opioids for Cancer Pain

Amanda V Gusovsky Chevalier et al. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2025 Jun.
Free article

Abstract

Context: To assess for nonprescribed substance use and adherence to controlled medication treatment, urine drug tests (UDT) are recommended for patients receiving opioids for cancer-related pain management. However, the optimal frequency of UDTs during opioid treatment is unclear.

Objectives: To describe initial and subsequent UDT results among patients diagnosed with cancer receiving outpatient palliative care (PC) at a tertiary cancer center.

Methods: A single center retrospective study including adult (≥18 years old) patients who established with an outpatient PC clinic at The Ohio State University (OSU) James Cancer Hospital from July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2019. Outcomes examined were two types of unexplained UDT results: 1) time to first presence of nonprescribed substance; and 2) time to first absence of prescribed substance. Both outcomes were plotted as a reverse Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Substances implicated in unexplained UDT results were summarized.

Results: A total of 1,141 patients and 2,459 UDTs were included. Mean patient age was 57 years, and the sample was 51% female and 83% White. Mean UDT per patient was 2.4 (SD = 2.1). 15.1% of patients had an unexplained UDT. Among patients with an unexplained UDT, 45% were detected at baseline UDT. At 24 months, probability of: nonprescribed substance was 19.7% (95% CI [15.4, 24.9]); absence of prescribed substance was 18.6% (95% CI [14.1%, 24.4%]). Cocaine was the most common (18.1%) nonprescribed substance, and oxycodone (52.7%) was the most common absent substance.

Conclusion: Unexplained UDT results were captured at varying timepoints throughout PC engagement, supporting the use of baseline and subsequent UDTs to optimize patient safety in cancer symptom management. PC providers should consider continuing to use UDTs as a way to monitor medication adherence throughout PC engagement.

Keywords: Urine drug screening; cancer; palliative care; substance use disorder.

PubMed Disclaimer

Substances

LinkOut - more resources