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. 2024 Oct 1;35(4):425-428.
doi: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_169_24. Epub 2025 Mar 8.

Indigenous Smokeless Tobacco - Analysing pH, Moisture, Nicotine Levels, and Warning Labels - An In Vitro Study

Shivashankar Kengadaran  1 , Divvi Anusha  1 , Daniel J Caplan  2 , Shyam Sivasamy  3 , Prabhakar Divyaraj  4 , A Vani Anusha  5
Affiliations
Free article

Indigenous Smokeless Tobacco - Analysing pH, Moisture, Nicotine Levels, and Warning Labels - An In Vitro Study

Shivashankar Kengadaran et al. Indian J Dent Res. .
Free article

Abstract

Background: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is a major public health problem in many parts of the world, including India. Despite this, smokeless tobacco often doesn't receive enough attention. The aim of this study was to assess the pH, moisture, nicotine levels, and warning labels on smokeless tobacco products sold in Pondicherry, India.

Methods and material: Ten SLT samples, procured despite the ban in Pondicherry, were analysed. The selection criteria were based on availability, reflecting the diverse range of SLT products. pH levels, moisture content, and nicotine concentrations were measured using validated analytical methods recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Warning labels were evaluated for compliance with regulatory standards.

Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics were used. Pearson's correlation test was employed to examine the relationship between pH, moisture, and amount of nicotine. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant.

Results: The pH values of the SLT samples ranged from 5.09 to 10.46. Moisture content varied significantly, with percentages from 5.48% to 33.44%. Nicotine concentrations ranged from 0.63 mg/g to 35.74 mg/g. A moderate positive correlation was found between moisture content and nicotine levels (r = 0.672, P < 0.05), while a strong negative correlation was observed between pH and nicotine content (r = -0.849, P < 0.01). The analysis of warning labels revealed inconsistent adherence to regulatory standards, with many packages lacking comprehensive health warnings.

Conclusion: The pH, moisture, and nicotine content of the products varied widely among the products. The warning signs were only present in the English language.

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References

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