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. 2025 Mar 8;21(1):153.
doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04612-3.

First detection and molecular characterization of Chaphamaparvovirus galliform in broiler and turkey flocks in Türkiye

Ahsen Nisa Aslan  1 , Hasan Abayli  2 , Sukru Tonbak  2 , Hasan Ongor  3 , Akin Unal  4 , Mehmet Akan  5 , Ertug Yalcinkaya  2
Affiliations

First detection and molecular characterization of Chaphamaparvovirus galliform in broiler and turkey flocks in Türkiye

Ahsen Nisa Aslan et al. BMC Vet Res. .

Abstract

Background: A newly uncovered parvovirus, Chaphamaparvovirus, continues to be reported across various species. This study investigated the detection and genetic characterization of Chaphamaparvovirus galliform (GaChpV) in poultry, specifically broilers and turkeys, from various regions in Türkiye. To address this, comprehensive sampling and analysis were conducted to better understand the virus's distribution and impact in these avian populations.

Results: In 2023, a total of 1060 fecal samples were collected from 76 broiler flocks (10 healthy and 66 with enteritis) and 30 turkey flocks (10 healthy and 20 with enteritis). Using nested PCR with specific primer sets, the study detected GaChpV in 36 out of 76 broiler flocks (47.3%) and 2 out of 30 turkey flocks (6,6%). Although GaChpV was detected at notable frequencies, the analysis revealed no statistically significant association between GaChpV and enteritis cases (p = 0.617). In this study, the nucleotide sequences (nt) of the capsid genes from GaChpV strains isolated from broilers and turkeys were 99 to 100% identical. Furthermore, these strains exhibited a high degree of genetic similarity ranging from 73 to 98% to Chaphamaparvovirus galliform 2 (GaChpV-2) strains from Europe, China, and Brazil. Complete genome sequencing of a broiler strain (CkChPV/2023/UN-2-TR) yielded a genome of 4,229 nucleotides, with sequence identity ranging from 78.93 to 98.82% compared to other GaChpV strains. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed that the CkChPV/2023/UN-2-TR strain clustered with GaChpV-2 strains, highlighting its genetic relatedness and diversity within the GaChpV family. The study also investigated genetic recombination signals and identified potential B-cell linear epitopes, contributing to a better understanding of the virus's genetic diversity and antigenic characteristics.

Conclusions: This report represents the first detection of GaChpV in turkey and broiler flocks in Türkiye. Notably, research on this topic in turkeys is quite limited. The data derived from this study will contribute to elucidating the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of GaChpV.

Keywords: Broiler; Chaphamaparvovirus; PCR; Turkey; Türkiye.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: This study was approved by Fırat University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (Ethical approve number 2022/07 − 02). No attempt was made to adversely affect animal health or disrupt the tissue integrity. All procedures performed in animal studies were in compliance with the local and international ethical standards. Consent to participate: All the authors consented to participate in this study. Informed consent: All the authors consent to publish. The human participants and their personal data are not included in this article. The consent of animal owners was obtained at the time of sampling. Consent for publication: All the authors consent to publication of this article. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotid sequence of the NS1 of CkChPV. The tree was performed with a selection of ChPV representative of each species of the genus Chaphamaparvavovirus strains. Also, viruses representative of the genera Hepanhamaparvovirus, Brevihamaparvovirus and Ichthamaparvovirus classified within the newly established subfamily Hamapaparvovirinae, was included in the analyses. Phylogenetic analysis was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method, with statistical support provided by bootstrapping of 1,000 replicates, and the Tamura-Nei model was applied for nucleotide substitution. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Red dot indicate the CkChPV strain detected in this study. Evolutionary analysis was conducted in MEGA X [29]
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotid sequence of the complete genome of CkChPV. Phylogenetic analysis was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method, with statistical support provided by bootstrapping of 1,000 replicates, and the Tamura-Nei model was applied for nucleotide substitution. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Black dot indicate the CkChPV strain detected in this study. Evolutionary analysis was conducted in MEGA X [29]
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotid sequence of the Capsid protein of CkChPV. Phylogenetic analysis was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method, with statistical support provided by bootstrapping of 1,000 replicates, and the Tamura-Nei model was applied for nucleotide substitution. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Black dots indicate CkChPV strains of chickens detected in this study, while red dots indicate CkChPV strains of turkeys detected in this study. Evolutionary analysis was conducted in MEGA X [29]
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Amino Acid alignment of the capsid protein of CkChPV/2023/UN-2-TR and selected ChpV strains from other countries
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