Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Mar 8;25(1):126.
doi: 10.1186/s12866-025-03842-7.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors of uropathogens in symptomatic urinary tract infection cases at Dessie Referral Hospital, Ethiopia

Destaw Kebede  1 , Yeromnesh Shiferaw  2   3 , Edosa Kebede  3 , Wondmagegn Demsiss  3
Affiliations

Antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors of uropathogens in symptomatic urinary tract infection cases at Dessie Referral Hospital, Ethiopia

Destaw Kebede et al. BMC Microbiol. .

Abstract

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections encountered by clinicians in developing countries, affecting the urethra, bladder, and kidneys. It is a prevalent infectious disease among outpatients and hospitalized patients, leading to morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic resistance among uropathogens varies geographically, but empirical treatment is common in our study area. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors of uropathogens in symptomatic UTI cases at Dessie Referral Hospital in northeast Ethiopia.

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was utilized to examine 256 participants with urinary tract complaints from February 1, 2024, to May 30, 2024. Consecutive convenience sampling was used to select participants. Midstream urine samples were collected, and bacteriological tests, including culture, Gram stain, biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, were conducted following standard procedures. The data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were carried out to identify potential risk factors associated with urinary tract infection.

Results: The overall prevalence of bacteriuria was 22.7%. Escherichia coli (E. coli) accounted for the highest proportion 21(30.4%), followed by Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) at 15(21.7%) and Klebsiella spp 12(17.4%). Most Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to gentamicin 19(90.5%) but less sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 16(76.2%) and nitrofurantoin 18(85.7%). High resistance rates were observed for penicillin 9(60%) and cefoxitin 14(66.7%). On the other hand, amikacin (83.3%), gentamicin (81.3%), and nitrofurantoin (89.7%) were effective against Gram-negative bacteria. Resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin was reported at 53.8% against both groups of bacteria. Female sex (AOR = 4.21; 95% CI = 1.43-8.29, P = 0.002), diabetes mellitus (AOR = 14.786; 95% CI = 3.91-70.72, P = 0.001), and human immunodeficiency virus positivity (AOR = 5.273; 95% CI = 2.596-17.410, P = 0.002) were identified as significant risk factors for bacteriuria.

Conclusion: The prevalence of UTI among syptomatic patients was 22.7%. E. coli and coagulase negative Staphylococcus were the predominant isolates. The identified bacteria were resistant to commonly use antimicrobials. Therefore, there should be continuous surveillance of UTI and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to minimize urinary tract infection and antibiotic resistance in our study setting.

Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Ethiopia; Risk factors; UTI; Uropathogen.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University Institutional Review Board, provided ethics approval (Reference number Reg168/11), and Dessie Referral Hospital provided a letter of permission. In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, written informed consent or assent was also acquired from every research participant. Additionally, all research participants were volunteers, and their identities were coded rather than named to maintain their confidentiality. Finally, any noteworthy bacterial findings were linked to hospital physicians for further treatment based on antibiotic profiles. Consent for publication: Written informed consent for publication was obtained from study participants (or their parent or legal guardian in the case of children under 18years). Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Prevalence of significant bacteriuria among UTI cases at Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Distribution of bacterial isolates among UTI patients in Dessie Referral Hospital, North East Ethiopia
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Tanagho EA, Mcaninch JW. Bacterial Infections of the genitourinary tract. Smith’s General Urology. 16th ed. United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. 2004:203–227.
    1. Weichhart T, Haidinger M, Hörl WH, Säemann MD. Current concepts of molecular defense mechanisms operative during urinary tract infection. Eur J Clin Invest. 2008;38:29–38. - PubMed
    1. Dalela G, Gupta S, Jain DK, Mehta P. Antibiotic resistance pattern in uropathogens at a tertiary care hospital at Jhalawar with special reference to Esbl, Ampc β-Lactamase and MRSA production. J Clin Diagn Res. 2012;6:645–51.
    1. Dias-Neto JA, Dias-Magalhães SL, Carlos PM, et al. Prevalence and bacterial susceptibility of hospital acquired urinary tract infection. Acta Cir Bras. 2003;18:36–8.
    1. Nerurkar A, Solanky P, Naik SS. Bacterial pathogens in urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern. J Pharm biomedSci. 2012; 21– 12.

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources