Reduction of surgical site infection rates in elective colorectal surgery by means of a nationwide interventional surveillance programme. A cohort study

Abstract

Introduction: Colorectal surgery has the highest surgical site infection (SSI) rates of all abdominal surgeries. Epidemiological surveillance is an excellent instrument to reduce SSI rates, but its effects may be time-limited and need to be monitored periodically. This study analyses the effectiveness of an interventional surveillance programme with regard to reducing SSI rates after elective colorectal surgery.

Methods: Cohort study analysing a SSI surveillance programme in elective colorectal surgery over a 15-year period. Prospectively collected data were stratified by 5-year periods (Periods 1, 2 and 3), and SSI rates, length of stay, readmission, mortality and microbiological aetiology were investigated.

Results: A total of 64,074 operations were included (42,665 colon surgery and 21,409 rectal surgery). Overall SSI incidence in colon surgery fell from 19.6% in Period 1 to 7.6% in Period 3 (rho=-0.961). Organ-space SSI (O/S-SSI) was 8.3% in Period 1 and 4.7% in Period 3 (rho=-0.815). In rectal surgery, overall SSI fell from 20.6% to 12.8% (rho=-0.839), and O/S-SSI from 8.5% to 8.3%, the latter difference being non-significant. The intervention that achieved the greatest SSI reduction was a preventive bundle comprising six measures. Hospital stay and mortality rates decreased, while SSIs after discharge and readmissions increased. An increase in Gram-positive cocci and fungi, and reductions in Gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes were detected for both incisional and O/S-SSI.

Conclusions: Detailed analysis of SSI rates allows the design of strategies for reducing their incidence. An interventional surveillance programme was effective in decreasing SSI rates in colorectal surgery.

Keywords: Cirugía colorrectal/efectos adversos; Cohort studies; Colorectal surgery/adverse effects; Estudios de cohortes; Infección de la herida quirúrgica/prevención y control; Infección del sitio quirúrgico; Surgical site infection; Surgical wound infection/prevention & control.