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Review
. 2025:46:103759.
doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2025.103759. Epub 2025 Feb 27.

Structural brain alterations and changes in resting-state functional connectivity in patients with trigeminal neuralgia: A meta-analysis

Lapo Nardoni  1 , Maria Giulia Tullo  2 , Giulia Di Stefano  3 , Marco Fiorelli  3 , Francesca Caramia  3
Affiliations
Review

Structural brain alterations and changes in resting-state functional connectivity in patients with trigeminal neuralgia: A meta-analysis

Lapo Nardoni et al. Neuroimage Clin. 2025.

Abstract

Background: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic pain condition characterized by severe, electric shock-like pain in one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. Even though neuroimaging studies have highlighted alterations in brain cortical and subcortical structure and functional connectivity, findings are heterogeneous.

Objective: This meta-analysis aims to synthesize structural and functional brain changes in TN patients through a coordinate-based meta-analysis using GingerALE.

Methods: A search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus was conducted to select pertinent publications on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (brain volume and cortical thickness) and resting-state functional MRI in TN patients that were published before January 2024. Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) was used to identify consistent brain alteration patterns across studies.

Results: A total of 1436 papers were identified and, after review based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 papers (538 patients) discussing structural brain changes and 11 studies (368 patients) discussing resting-state functional connectivity studies were selected for inclusion. Structural and functional alterations in TN were observed in the left thalamus.

Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive examination of structural and functional abnormalities in TN patients, highlighting consistent alterations in left thalamus. Future research should identify brain structural and functional changes specific for TN as compared to other forms of chronic pain, explore longitudinal changes correlated to clinical parameters, and perform intra-population studies to address lateralization, to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes for TN patients.

Keywords: Chronic pain; Magnetic resonance imaging; Meta-analysis; Resting-state functional connectivity; Structural brain changes; Trigeminal Neuralgia.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Functional and structural studies workflow chart illustrating relevant details about literature selection procedures and materials included in the meta-analysis.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Common activations resulting from the ALE meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies centered at the coordinate X: −10; Y: −30; Z: 6 (A) and resting-state functional connectivity studies centered at the coordinate X: −18; Y: −26; Z: 10 (B). The different clusters of overlapping activation are presented overlayed on the MNI152 volume template. The color bars represent the increasing degree of convergence expressed by the ALE values.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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