The role of flaps in preventing lower extremity amputations

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of chronic limb-threatening ischemia and diabetes mellitus has led to a surge in lower extremity amputations, driven by the combination of peripheral arterial disease and extensive wounds. Although revascularization often addresses ischemia, severe wounds pose a significant risk of amputation. Flaps, which involve the transfer of vascularized tissue, can provide immediate closure of complex wounds, particularly those involving bone or tendon exposure, where skin grafts are insufficient. Flap reconstruction of wounds can prevent amputation in cases when revascularization alone would not, but these complex efforts require close collaboration between vascular and plastic surgeons. Despite their potential to prevent amputations, flaps are underused in vascular surgery due to limited availability and expertise, particularly in complex cases involving diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. There are also socioeconomic and reimbursement challenges that limit interest on the part of plastic surgeons. This article explores the principles, techniques, and challenges of flap reconstruction in lower extremity limb salvage, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary care.

Keywords: Diabetic foot reconstruction; Free flap; Limb preservation; Limb salvage; Lower extremity reconstruction; Microsurgery; Peripheral vascular disease; Plastic surgery.