BJC has consulted for AstraZeneca, Fosun Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Haleon, Moderna, Novavax, Pfizer, Roche, and Sanofi Pasteur. All other authors declare no competing interests. This work was supported by US Health and Human Services, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in accordance with the collaborative agreement Strengthening public health capacity and guidelines to prevent, detect and control the spread of epidemic prone infectious diseases through cooperation and support from World Health Organization (WHO), period 2019–24. A generative AI tool (ChatGPT) was used to improve the flow of our draft manuscript.