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Review
. 2025 Mar;7(3):e70016.
doi: 10.1002/acr2.70016.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Vasculitides: A Systematic Review

Mahmud Omar  1 , Reem Agbareia  2   3 , Mohammad E Naffaa  4 , Abdulla Watad  5 , Benjamin S Glicksberg  6 , Girish N Nadkarni  6 , Eyal Klang  6
Affiliations
Review

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Vasculitides: A Systematic Review

Mahmud Omar et al. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2025 Mar.

Abstract

Objective: Vasculitides are rare inflammatory disorders that sometimes can be difficult to diagnose due to their diverse presentations. This review examines the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve diagnosis and outcome prediction in vasculitis.

Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Xplore, and Scopus identified relevant studies from 2000 to 2024. AI applications were categorized by data type (clinical, imaging, textual) and by task (diagnosis or prediction). Studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2.

Results: A total of 46 studies were included. AI models achieved high diagnostic performance in Kawasaki disease, with sensitivities up to 92.5% and specificities up to 97.3%. Predictive models for complications, such as intravenous Ig resistance in Kawasaki disease, showed areas under the curves between 0.716 and 0.834. Other vasculitis types, especially those using imaging data, were less studied and often limited by small datasets.

Conclusion: The current literature shows that AI algorithms can enhance vasculitis diagnosis and prediction, with deep- and machine-learning models showing promise in Kawasaki disease. However, broader datasets, more external validation, and the integration of newer models like large language models are needed to advance their clinical applicability across different vasculitis types.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart representing the different artificial intelligence (AI) models and data types. CNN, convolutional neural network.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart. AI, artificial intelligence; IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Frequencies of the different data types used in the included studies. AI, artificial intelligence.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Number of published studies over time. AI, artificial intelligence.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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