Impact of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Sensor Technology in Knee Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a progressive degenerative joint disorder that significantly impacts mobility, pain levels, and overall quality of life. Conventional rehabilitation methods, while effective, often suffer from limitations related to patient adherence, accessibility, and cost. This systematic review examines the role of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and sensor-based technologies in KOA rehabilitation, evaluating their effectiveness in pain reduction, functional improvement, and patient engagement. A comprehensive literature search identified four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comprising 405 participants, with an average Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) score of 6/10, indicating moderate to high methodological quality. Findings suggest that VR and AR interventions enhance rehabilitation adherence and engagement, while sensor-based systems provide real-time biofeedback, enabling personalized therapeutic adjustments. These technologies demonstrated significant improvements in pain management, muscle strength, and functional mobility. However, challenges such as high costs, limited accessibility, and the absence of standardized treatment protocols remain barriers to widespread clinical adoption. Further research should focus on long-term efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and the integration of these innovations into routine clinical practice.

Keywords: augmented reality; knee osteoarthritis; rehabilitation; sensor technology; virtual reality; wearables.

Figure 1. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram

VR: virtual reality; AR: augmented reality