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. 2025 Mar 1;25(5):1517.
doi: 10.3390/s25051517.

Co-Simulation of Interconnection Between Smart Power Grid and Smart Cities Platform via Massive Machine-Type Communication

Luiz H N Rodrigues  1 , Carlos F M Almeida  1 , Nelson Kagan  1 , Luiz H L Rosa  2 , Milana L Dos Santos  1
Affiliations

Co-Simulation of Interconnection Between Smart Power Grid and Smart Cities Platform via Massive Machine-Type Communication

Luiz H N Rodrigues et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

With the advent of Industry 5.0, the electrical sector has been endowed with intelligent devices that are propelling high penetration of distributed energy microgeneration, VPP, smart buildings, and smart plants and imposing new challenges on the sector. This new environment requires a smarter network, including transforming the simple electricity customer into a "smart customer" who values the quality of energy and its rational use. The SPG (smart power grid) is the perfect solution for meeting these needs. It is crucial to understand energy use to guarantee quality of service and meet data security requirements. The use of simulations to map the behavior of complex infrastructures is the best strategy because it overcomes the limitations of traditional analytical solutions. This article presents the ICT laboratory structure developed within the Department of Electrical Engineering of the Polytechnic School of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP). It is based on an architecture that utilizes LTE/EPC wireless technology (4G, 5G, and B5G) to enable machine-to-machine communication (mMTC) between SPG elements using edge computing (MEC) resources and those of smart city platforms. We evaluate this proposal through simulations using data from real and emulated equipment and co-simulations shared by SPG laboratories at POLI-USP. Finally, we present the preliminary results of integration of the power laboratory, network simulation (ns-3), and a smart city platform (InterSCity) for validation and testing of the architecture.

Keywords: co-simulation; distributed computing; massive machine-to-machine-type communication; smart cities; smart power grids.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Our proposed integration architecture that uses data generated by POLI laboratories (POLI Labs: L-PROT, Lab-SISPOT, and NAPREI), the USP campus PS (power substation), and the smart cities platform (InterSCity) through ns-3 simulation, which implements mMTC via MEC for applications that manage SPG functionalities.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Block diagram of the NAPREI’s SPG laboratory with emphasis on elements (I, II, III, IV, and V) of each research block. Source: [9].
Figure 3
Figure 3
InterSCity is a web-based microservice. IoT gateway for SPG is emphasized in the red ellipse.
Figure 4
Figure 4
MEC applications in simulation eNB’s.
Figure 5
Figure 5
A Google Maps® view of the Cerqueira César neighborhood (São Paulo—SP) utilized in the simulation. The BSs are marked by blue pin icons with white flags, while the red pin denotes the central area of interest for the experiments.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Average message delay (in milliseconds) sent from multiple smart meters to MEC server in simulation of 0%, 25%, and 50% aggregation.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Relocation of ERB 3 within the region of interest.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Average message delay after the relocation of ERB 3.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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