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. 2025 Jul;37(7):1814-1826.
doi: 10.1111/jerd.13462. Epub 2025 Mar 18.

Impact of Glazing, Coating, and Polishing on the Color Stability and Surface Properties of a 3D Printed Resin and Two Veneering Composite Resins

Marie Lask  1 , Felicitas Mayinger  1 , Marcel Reymus  2 , John Meinen  1 , Bogna Stawarczyk  1
Affiliations

Impact of Glazing, Coating, and Polishing on the Color Stability and Surface Properties of a 3D Printed Resin and Two Veneering Composite Resins

Marie Lask et al. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2025 Jul.

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the impact of various surface treatments on color stability and surface properties of a 3D printed and two veneering composite resins.

Materials and methods: Specimens were manufactured from a 3D printed (VarseoSmile CrownPlus) or two veneering composite resins (GRADIA PLUS; VITA VM LC flow) and underwent varnishing (OPTIGLAZE; VITA AKZENT LC), coating, polishing (goat hair brush; silicone polisher) or remained untreated. For 14 days, specimens were stored in red wine, curcuma, cress, or water. Individual and, for ΔE 00 > 1.8, professional prophylaxis was performed. Color (ΔE 00), surface free energy (SFE), and surface roughness (SR) were measured longitudinally. Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, and Wilcoxon tests were computed (α = 0.05).

Results: For the 3D printed resin, varnishing, coating, or goat hair brushing minimized discoloration, while untreated surfaces showed the highest discoloration. Veneering composite resins benefited from goat hair brushing. Individual and professional prophylaxis improved surface properties and partially reversed discolorations. Solely goat hair brushed veneering composite resins achieved surface roughness values ≤ 0.2 μm.

Conclusions: To prevent discoloration, varnishing and goat hair brushing can be recommended for all materials. Individual prophylaxis was most effective for veneering composite resin 1, whereas professional prophylaxis significantly reduced discoloration on 3D printed resin. Only veneering composite resins treated with goat hair brushing achieved surface roughness values of ≤ 0.2 μm.

Clinical significance: As 3D printed resins tend to discolor easily, it is important to understand how different surface treatments may impact their color stability. Applying treatments such as varnishing, coating, and polishing can improve the color stability and surface properties, ensuring better esthetic results over time.

Keywords: CIEDE2000; additive manufacturing; color; glazing; optical properties; polishing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Study design.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Toothbrush simulator.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Discoloration rates after individual prophylaxis (IP); ΔE 00: Baseline (T0) – IP > 1.8: Threshold for unacceptable color deviation; ΔE 00 < 1.8 is highlighted (formula image).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Drop shape analysis of distilled water and diiodomethane (Easy Drop, DSA4, Krüss, Hamburg, Germany).
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Surface free energy (SFE) in mJ/m2 at T0, T14, IP, and PP for the four different storage media for each group; formula image SFE increases compared to T0; formula image SFE decreases compared to T0.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Surface roughness (SR) in μm at T0, T14, IP, and PP for the four different storage media for each group; formula image SFE increases compared to T0; formula image SFE decreases compared to T0.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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