Population dynamics, threat assessment, and conservation strategies for critically endangered Meconopsis aculeata in alpine zone

Abstract

Background: The Himalayan alpine zone harbors a rich diversity of endemic medicinal plant species, such as Meconopsis aculeata, due to its habitat heterogeneity. Globally, alpine environments are most significantly affected by climate change, characterized by low temperatures and restricted growing seasons, offering essential services yet remaining most vulnerable. M. aculeata holds immense ecological significance in alpine ecosystems, while human disturbances and climate change pose serious threats to its long-term viability. The present study was conducted to explore population ecology, spatial distribution patterns, significant threats, diversity patterns along elevational gradients, and future conservation strategies for the dwindling populations of M. aculeata.

Methods: Field sampling was carried out from 2022 to 2024 in various districts of Kashmir to examine the vegetation characteristics of M. aculeata populations, along with the geographic variables and threats impacting these populations. The quadrat method was used to investigate the vegetation characteristics across an extensive elevational gradient, ranging from 3000 m to 4600 m.

Results: Healthier M. aculeata populations were found in the middle elevational range of 3700 m to 4100 m. The SIMPER analysis revealed an overall average dissimilarity of 80.08, indicating spatial variability in species composition across the studied sites. GIS analysis showed that M. aculeata was found on the north aspect, with steppe slope in rocky habitat. The average herb density was calculated to be 20.6/ha, while 60% of sampled sites experienced intense grazing. A total of 20 indicator species were identified as associated with M. aculeata populations. Mantel tests identified key species influencing the population structure of M. aculeata. Aconitum heterophyllum (R = 0.7954, P = 0.003) was found to be the most critical indicator species, followed by Anaphalis nepalensis (R = 0.6564, P = 0.034), and Bistorta affinis (R = 0.522, P = 0.044). CCA analysis identified NTFP extraction, grazing and fire as serious threats for the sustainability of M. aculeata populations. Alpha diversity results highlight significant altitudinal influences on the diversity metrics of M. aculeata populations. Beta diversity results indicate that Site 8 exhibited substantial differences in species composition compared to other sites, while Sites 1 and 9 highlighted the spatial heterogeneity within the M. aculeata populations. As this species is already classified as a critically endangered species, we recommend implementing effective conservation measures such as habitat restoration, sustainable harvesting practices, involving local communities, and promoting stewardship. These initiatives will encourage sustainable management of the species in the region.

Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Keywords: Biodiversity hotspot; Climate change; Diversity patterns; Endemic; Kashmir; Sustainable management.

Fig. 1

Field photographs of M. aculeata

Fig. 2

Study area map showing the locations of M. aculeata sampling sites in the western Himalayan region of Kashmir

Fig. 3

GIS map representing (a) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), (b) Aspect, (c) Slope, (d) M. aculeata Density/ha, (e) Erosion intensity, and (f) grazing intensity

Fig. 4

Heatmap of indicator species across sampling sites (Site 1 to Site 10) for Meconopsis aculeata populations in the western Himalayan region. The presence and abundance of key indicator species are represented by intensity levels on a gradient scale (0 to 100). Black bars indicate the relative dominance of species across different sites, highlighting spatial variability and site-specific associations. The color gradient (blue to red) reflects the abundance range, with red indicating higher presence

Fig. 5

Mantel test analysis illustrating the correlations between M. aculeata and associated indicator species. The matrix displays Pearson’s r values (color gradient from green to purple) indicating positive and negative correlations. Significant Mantel’s test p-values are represented by line colors: orange (p < 0.01), green (0.01 < p < 0.05), and gray (p ≥ 0.05). The width of the lines indicates the strength of correlation (Mantel’s r), with thicker lines showing stronger associations

Fig. 6

Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) biplot illustrating the relationships between M. aculeata populations, environmental variables, and associated indicator species across sampling sites. Red squares represent sampled sites, purple triangles indicate indicator species, and green arrows denote environmental variables. The direction and length of the arrows indicate the influence of environmental factors

Fig. 7

Diversity patterns of M. aculeata populations along an elevational gradient in the western Himalayan region. (a) Number of species shows higher species dominance at mid-elevations, indicating optimal habitat conditions. (b) Simpson Diversity Index reveals increased species richness at mid-elevations, reflecting favorable ecological niches. (c) Shannon Diversity Index indicates greater uniformity in species distribution at higher elevations, suggesting reduced competition and niche specialization. (d) Species Evenness Index analysis illustrates significant variation across elevation, with peak diversity observed at mid-elevations (3700–4100 m)

Fig. 8

Beta diversity analysis of M. aculeata populations across different sampling sites in the western Himalayan region. The dendrograms illustrate two distinct components of beta diversity