Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Mar 18;25(1):307.
doi: 10.1186/s12884-025-07430-5.

Detection of sexually transmitted infection agents in pregnant women using multiplex polymerase chain reaction method

Ayfer Bakir  1 , Busra Demir Cendek  2 , Selma Usluca  3   4 , Murat Aral  3 , Gizem Korkut  3 , Mehmet Morkoc  3 , Gulsah Ceylan Yagiz  3 , Muhammed Furkan Kurkcu  3 , Mehmet Alican Sapmaz  2 , Murat Polat  2 , Sait Erbey  2 , Burcu Gundogdu Ozturk  2 , Huseyin Levent Keskin  2
Affiliations

Detection of sexually transmitted infection agents in pregnant women using multiplex polymerase chain reaction method

Ayfer Bakir et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. .

Abstract

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant public health concern that can lead to serious outcomes such as infertility, pregnancy complications, and neonatal infections. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of STI and their associated risk factors in symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women.

Methods: Between July and October 2024, a total of 300 pregnant women in their third trimester, including 113 symptomatic and 187 asymptomatic individuals aged 18 to 45 years, who sought antenatal care at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic of Ankara Etlik City Hospital, were included in the study. The detection of STIs agents in vaginal swab samples was performed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction in the Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory of the Department of Microbiology.

Results: The overall prevalence of STIs was 34.3% (103/300), with single and multiple infections accounting for 28.3% and 6.0% of cases, respectively. The most frequently detected pathogens were Ureaplasma parvum/urealiticum (29.0%), Mycoplasma hominis (4.6%), and Chlamydia trachomatis (2.3%). Co-infections were commonly observed between Ureaplasma parvum/urealiticum and Mycoplasma hominis. No significant difference in STI prevalence was observed between the symptomatic (35.4%) and asymptomatic (33.7%) groups. Co-infection with non-STI bacterial agents, such as Gardnerella vaginalis and Streptococcus agalactiae, increased the risk of STIs by 1.96 times (p = 0.006).

Conclusions: This study revealed that STIs occur at similar rates among symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women. This finding highlights the critical importance of detecting asymptomatic cases to prevent the spread of silent infections and to safeguard maternal and neonatal health. Ureaplasma parvum/urealiticum were identified as the most common pathogens. Given that co-infections with non-STI bacterial agents significantly increase the risk of STIs, multiplex PCR-based multicenter and prospective studies are essential to refine screening strategies for pregnant women.

Keywords: Multiplex PCR; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Sexually transmitted infections.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted after obtaining ethical approval from the Non-Interventional Scientific Research Committee of the Scientific Research Evaluation and Ethics Board of Ankara Etlik City Hospital (approval number: AEŞH-BADEK-2024-392). The research was carried out in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

References

    1. Alam N, Chamot E, Vermund SH, Streatfield K, Kristensen S. Partner notification for sexually transmitted infections in developing countries: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2010; 18;10:19. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Elendu C, Amaechi DC, Elendu ID, Elendu TC, Amaechi EC, Usoro EU, et al. Global perspectives on the burden of sexually transmitted diseases: A narrative review. Med (Baltim). 2024;103(20):e38199. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tsega NT, Abebe B, Ebabu T, Asmare T, Kassa M, Haile TT, et al. Sexually transmitted infections and associated factors during pregnancy in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021: A multicenter study. Clin Epidemiol Global Health. 2022;16:101096.
    1. Yeganeh N, Kreitchmann R, Leng M, Nielsen-Saines K, Gorbach PM, Klausner J. High prevalence of sexually transmitted ınfections in pregnant women living in Southern Brazil. Sex Transm Dis. 2021;48(2):128–33. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zango SH, Lingani M, Valea I, Samadoulougou OS, Bihoun B, Rouamba T, et al. Malaria and curable sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women: A two-years observational study in rural Burkina Faso. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(11):e0242368. - PMC - PubMed

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources