Unveiling the effects of micro and nano plastics in embryonic development

Abstract

The improper disposal and degradation of plastics causes the formation and spread of micro and nano-sized plastic particles in the ecosystem. The widespread presence of these micro and nanoplastics leads to their accumulation in the biotic and abiotic components of the environment, thereby affecting the cellular and metabolic functions of organisms. Despite being classified as xenobiotic agents, information about their sources and exposure related to reproductive health is limited. Micro and nano plastic exposure during early developmental stages can cause abnormal embryonic development. It can trigger neurotoxicity and inflammatory responses as well in the developing embryo. In embryonic development, a comprehensive study of their role in pluripotency, gastrulation, and multi-differentiation potential is scarce. Due to ethical concerns associated with the direct use of human embryos, pluripotent cells and its 3D in vitro models (with cell lines) are an alternative source for effective research. Thus, the 3D Embryoid body (EB) model provides a platform for conducting embryotoxicity and multi-differentiation potential research. Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells derived embryoid bodies (EBs) serve as a robust 3D in vitro model that mimics characteristics similar to that of human embryos. Thus, the 3D EB model provides a platform for conducting embryotoxicity and multi-differentiation potential research. Accordingly, this review discusses the significance of 3D in vitro models in conducting effective embryotoxicity research. Further, we also evaluated the possible sources/routes of microplastic generation and analyzed their surface chemistry and cytotoxic effects reported till date.

Keywords: 3D in vitro models; Cell-lineage specification; Embryoid bodies; Embryotoxicity; Micro and nano plastics; PLuripotent stem cells.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Two steps involved in the formation of polyethylene from petroleum.

Fig. 2

Three steps involved in the formation of polyvinyl chloride from petroleum, chlorine and air.

Fig. 3

Three steps involved in the formation of polyethylene terephthalate from petroleum and air.

Fig. 4

Illustration depicting the diverse sources of plastics that can be the potential sources of micro and nano plastic exposure during pregnancy period.

Fig. 5

Nano plastics affects the mitochondrial functioning in cells. Pathway by which nano plastics alter the cellular ATP production as well as induce apoptosis in cells.

Fig. 6

The potential pathway of micro and nano plastics through the ecological food chain, emphasizing the higher possibility of accumulation in organisms at higher trophic levels ultimately impacting humans, specifically pregnant women.

Fig. 7

Potential damages induced by microplastics on the embryo and extraembryonic membranes.