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Review
. 2025 Jan 30:13:100089.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajmo.2025.100089. eCollection 2025 Jun.

Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: A Case-Based Narrative Review

Aamir Javaid  1 , Essa Hariri  1 , Bige Ozkan  1 , Katherine Lang  1 , Sadiya S Khan  2 , Janani Rangaswami  3   4 , Neil J Stone  2 , Roger S Blumenthal  1 , Chiadi E Ndumele  1
Affiliations
Review

Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: A Case-Based Narrative Review

Aamir Javaid et al. Am J Med Open. .

Abstract

These 4 hypothetical cases highlight new features of the American Heart Association cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) health construct. The cases incorporate the CKM staging system, estimates from the PREVENT risk calculator, and clinical approaches related to CKM stages and individual risk profiles. Topics include management considerations for (1) a patient with stage 1 obesity and impaired glucose tolerance, (2) a patient with metabolic risk factors and moderate-risk chronic kidney disease (CKD), (3) a patient with subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and multiple comorbid conditions, and (4) a patient with metabolic risk factors, prior myocardial infarction, new-onset heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and CKD.

Keywords: Cardiology; Nephrology; Prevention.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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