Infectious diseases prevention and vaccination in migrants in Latin America: The challenges of transit through the treacherous Darien gap, Panama

Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales¹, María Camila Puerta-Arias², Rola Husni³, Juan J Montenegro-Idrogo⁴, Juan Pablo Escalera-Antezana⁵, Lucia E Alvarado-Arnez⁶, D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana⁷, German Camacho-Moreno⁸, Henry Mendoza⁹, Ivan Arturo Rodriguez-Sabogal¹⁰, Jose Millán-Oñate¹¹, Gustavo Lopardo¹², Octavio A Arce¹³, Sergio Cimerman¹⁴, Tânia do Socorro Souza Chaves¹⁵, Tomas Orduna¹⁶, Susana Lloveras¹⁷, Maritza Cabrera¹⁸, Monica Thormann¹⁹, Yasemin Özsürekçi²⁰, Clevy Pérez-Sánchez²¹, Nancy Sandoval²², Lysien Zambrano²³, Carlos A Alvarez-Moreno²⁴, Enrique Chacon-Cruz²⁵, Wilmer E Villamil-Gomez²⁶, Kovy Arteaga-Livias²⁷, Eduardo Savio-Larriera²⁸, Jaime A Cardona-Ospina²⁹, Alejandro Risquez³⁰, David A Forero-Peña³¹, Krisell Contreras³², Ranjit Sah³³, Darwin A León-Figueroa³⁴, Jaime David Acosta-España³⁵, Leandro Sierra³⁶, Darío Sebastián López-Delgado³⁷, Marco A Solarte-Portilla³⁸, Angel A Escobedo³⁹, Shafiul Haque⁴⁰, Fatma A Amer⁴¹, Hakan Leblebicioglu⁴², Rolando Ulloa-Gutierrez⁴³, Eden Galan-Rodas⁴⁴, Wasin Matsee⁴⁵, Marisa Liliana Fernandez⁴⁶, Sofia Echazarreta⁴⁷, Baltica Cabieses⁴⁸, Carlos Espinal⁴⁹, Jose Brea⁵⁰, Juan-Carlos Navarro⁵¹, Virgilio Gaston Lezcano⁵², Marielys Otero-Maldonado⁵³, Rene Echevarría-Cofiño⁵⁴, Baruch Diaz⁵⁵, Pasesa Pascuala Quispe-Torrez⁵⁶, Rodrigo Nogueira Angerami⁵⁷, Maria L Avila-Aguero⁵⁸, Roberto Debbag⁵⁹, Maria Eugenia Guevara⁶⁰, Yenddy Carrero⁶¹, Carlos N Torres-Martinez⁶², Francisco Javier Membrillo⁶³, Jose A Suarez⁶⁴

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, 15067, Peru; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, 660003, Colombia. Electronic address: arodriguezmo@cientifica.edu.pe.
² Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, 660003, Colombia. Electronic address: MARIA.PUERTA@uam.edu.co.
³ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, 1102, Lebanon. Electronic address: Roula.husni@lau.edu.lb.
⁴ Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, 15067, Peru; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Service, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, 15072, Peru. Electronic address: jmontenegroi@cientifica.edu.pe.
⁵ Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas e Investigación Social (IIBISMED), Faculty of Medicine "Aurelio Melean", Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Regional Direction, CIES, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Electronic address: jpescaleraa@yahoo.com.
⁶ National Research Coordination, Franz Tamayo University (UNIFRANZ), La Paz, Bolivia. Electronic address: lucia.alvarado@unifranz.edu.bo.
⁷ College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dbonilla@korea.ac.kr.
⁸ Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia; Division of Infectious Diseases, HOMI, Hospital Pediátrico La Misericordia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia; Fundación Hospital Infantil Universitario de San José, Bogotá, DC, Colombia. Electronic address: germancitomd@gmail.com.
⁹ Hemera Unidad de Infectología IPS SAS, Bogota, Colombia. Electronic address: hemeraui@gmail.com.
¹⁰ Hospital San Vicente Fundación, Antioquia, Rionegro, Colombia. Electronic address: doctorivanrodriguez@gmail.com.
¹¹ Clinica Imbanaco Grupo Quironsalud, Cali, Colombia; Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia; Clinica de Occidente, Cali, Colombia; Clinica Sebastián de Belalcazar, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Electronic address: millanonate@gmail.com.
¹² Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: glopardo@intramed.net.
¹³ High Level Isolation Unit. Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Central de la Defensa "Gómez Ulla", Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: octavioaarce@gmail.com.
¹⁴ Institute of Infectious Diseases Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil; Infectious diseases, Unip Campus Alphaville, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: scimerman@uol.com.br.
¹⁵ Evandro Chagas Institute, Health of Ministry of Brazil, Rodovia BR 316 Km 07, S/N, CEP 67030-000, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil; Curso de medicina - Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará (CESUPA), Belém, PA, Brazil. Electronic address: tania.chaves@uol.com.br.
¹⁶ Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: torduna@gmail.com.
¹⁷ Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: sclloveras@gmail.com.
¹⁸ Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile. Electronic address: cabreravenezuela@gmail.com.
¹⁹ Hospital Salvador Bienvenido Gautier, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Electronic address: monica_thormann@hotmail.com.
²⁰ Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: yas.oguz99@yahoo.com.
²¹ Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Electronic address: clevyperez@gmail.com.
²² Hospital Roosevelt, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Electronic address: nsandovalpaiz@gmail.com.
²³ Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras; GRINVAR Research Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Electronic address: lysien.zambrano@unah.edu.hn.
²⁴ National Clinical Coordinator COVID-19-WHO Studies, Colombia. Clinica Universitaria Colombia, Clinica Colsanitas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia. Electronic address: calvarem@gmail.com.
²⁵ Think Vaccines LLC, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: enrique.chacon@thinkvaccines.org.
²⁶ Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia; Grupo de Expertos Clínicos en Dengue, Ministerio de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia; Comité de Expertos Asesor de Malaria, Ministerio de Salud, Bogota, Colombia. Electronic address: wilmer.villamil@unisimon.edu.co.
²⁷ Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru; Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huánuco, Peru. Electronic address: FArteaga@unheval.edu.pe.
²⁸ Hospital Evangélico de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay. Electronic address: edusavio@hotmail.com.
²⁹ Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, 660003, Colombia; Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA; Grupo de Investigación en Infecciones Emergentes y Medicina Tropical, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomedicas - Sci-Help, Risaralda, Pereira, Colombia. Electronic address: jaime.cardona@uam.edu.co.
³⁰ Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. Electronic address: risqueza@gmail.com.
³¹ Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela; Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela. Electronic address: vacter.cv@gmail.com.
³² Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz, Cúcuta, Norte de Santander, Cucuta, Colombia. Electronic address: krisellcs@gmail.com.
³³ Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-be-University), Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India; SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Kalyanpur-10, Siraha, Nepal; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: ranjitsah57@gmail.com.
³⁴ Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru. Electronic address: dalefi19@gmail.com.
³⁵ School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, 170120, Ecuador; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany. Electronic address: jdacosta@puce.edu.ec.
³⁶ Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA. Electronic address: sierral@ccf.org.
³⁷ Interdisciplinary Research Group in Health-Disease (GIISE), Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. Electronic address: darkeio92@gmail.com.
³⁸ Hospital Universitario Departamental de Nariño, Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. Electronic address: masolarte9@gmail.com.
³⁹ Department of Medical Research, Institute of Gastro-enterology, Havana, Cuba. Electronic address: dr.angel.escobedo1967@gmail.com.
⁴⁰ Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine, Universidad Espiritu Santo, Samborondon, 091952, Ecuador. Electronic address: shafiul.haque@hotmail.com.
⁴¹ Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, Egypt; International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (VIWG/ISAC), The Sharkya Governorate Alliance of One Health, Egypt. Electronic address: egyamer@yahoo.com.
⁴² Department of Infectious Diseases, VM Medicalpark Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey. Electronic address: hakanomu@yahoo.com.
⁴³ Servicio de Aislamiento, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", Centro de Ciencias Médicas, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), San José, Costa Rica; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas UCIMED (IICIMED) & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas (UCIMED), San José, Costa Rica; Academia Nacional de Medicina de Costa Rica (ACANAMED), San José, Costa Rica. Electronic address: rolandoug@gmail.com.
⁴⁴ Unidad Funcional de Salud de Poblaciones Migrantes y Fronterizas, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Peru. Electronic address: edgarod6@gmail.com.
⁴⁵ Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Thai Travel Clinic, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Electronic address: wasin.mat@mahidol.ac.th.
⁴⁶ Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr Carlos G Malbrán, Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Fatala Chaben, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: marisa.fernandez@gmail.com.
⁴⁷ Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Sección Medicina del Viajero del Hospital Muñiz, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco Javier Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: selechaza@yahoo.com.ar.
⁴⁸ Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Centro de Salud Global Intercultural, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: bcabieses@udd.cl.
⁴⁹ Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. Electronic address: caespina@fiu.edu.
⁵⁰ Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Electronic address: drbrea@gmail.com.
⁵¹ Universidad Internacional SEK, Campus Miguel de Cervantes, Calle Albert Einstein s/n, Carcelén, 170120, Quito, Ecuador. Electronic address: juancarlos.navarro@uisek.edu.ec.
⁵² Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Asunción, Paraguay. Electronic address: virgilio.lezcano@gmail.com.
⁵³ Manati Medical Center, Manatí, Puerto Rico. Electronic address: Mom.id.md@gmail.com.
⁵⁴ Official Vaccination & Travel Clinic, San Juan, PR, USA. Electronic address: dr.echevarriacofino@gmail.com.
⁵⁵ Travel Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico. Electronic address: baruchjdr@clinicadeviajero.unam.mx.
⁵⁶ Dr. Radamés Nardini Clinical Hospital - Fundação Faculdade de Medicina do ABC Santo André, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: pasesa2@hotmail.com.
⁵⁷ Núcleo de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Seção de Epidemiologia Hospitalar, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: angerami@uicamp.br.
⁵⁸ Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Nacional de Niños, San Jose, Costa Rica; Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: avilaaguero@gmail.com.
⁵⁹ Latin-American Vaccinology Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: rdebbag@hotmail.com.
⁶⁰ Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela. Electronic address: maruguevaram@gmail.com.
⁶¹ Grupo de Investigación Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ambato, 180105, Ecuador. Electronic address: yenddycarrero@yahoo.es.
⁶² Department of Pediatrics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia. Electronic address: catorres@uniandes.edu.co.
⁶³ Hospital Central de la Defensa "Gómez Ulla", Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: javimembrillo@gmail.com.
⁶⁴ Sistema Nacional de Investigación-SENACYT, Panama, Panama; Infectotropico, Panama, Panama. Electronic address: jasuarez05@gmail.com.

PMID: 40113189
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2025.102839

Free article

Editorial

Infectious diseases prevention and vaccination in migrants in Latin America: The challenges of transit through the treacherous Darien gap, Panama

Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales et al. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2025 May-Jun.

Free article

. 2025 May-Jun:65:102839.

doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2025.102839. Epub 2025 Mar 18.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, 15067, Peru; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, 660003, Colombia. Electronic address: arodriguezmo@cientifica.edu.pe.
² Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, 660003, Colombia. Electronic address: MARIA.PUERTA@uam.edu.co.
³ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, 1102, Lebanon. Electronic address: Roula.husni@lau.edu.lb.
⁴ Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, 15067, Peru; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Service, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, 15072, Peru. Electronic address: jmontenegroi@cientifica.edu.pe.
⁵ Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas e Investigación Social (IIBISMED), Faculty of Medicine "Aurelio Melean", Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Regional Direction, CIES, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Electronic address: jpescaleraa@yahoo.com.
⁶ National Research Coordination, Franz Tamayo University (UNIFRANZ), La Paz, Bolivia. Electronic address: lucia.alvarado@unifranz.edu.bo.
⁷ College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dbonilla@korea.ac.kr.
⁸ Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia; Division of Infectious Diseases, HOMI, Hospital Pediátrico La Misericordia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia; Fundación Hospital Infantil Universitario de San José, Bogotá, DC, Colombia. Electronic address: germancitomd@gmail.com.
⁹ Hemera Unidad de Infectología IPS SAS, Bogota, Colombia. Electronic address: hemeraui@gmail.com.
¹⁰ Hospital San Vicente Fundación, Antioquia, Rionegro, Colombia. Electronic address: doctorivanrodriguez@gmail.com.
¹¹ Clinica Imbanaco Grupo Quironsalud, Cali, Colombia; Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia; Clinica de Occidente, Cali, Colombia; Clinica Sebastián de Belalcazar, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Electronic address: millanonate@gmail.com.
¹² Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: glopardo@intramed.net.
¹³ High Level Isolation Unit. Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Central de la Defensa "Gómez Ulla", Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: octavioaarce@gmail.com.
¹⁴ Institute of Infectious Diseases Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil; Infectious diseases, Unip Campus Alphaville, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: scimerman@uol.com.br.
¹⁵ Evandro Chagas Institute, Health of Ministry of Brazil, Rodovia BR 316 Km 07, S/N, CEP 67030-000, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil; Curso de medicina - Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará (CESUPA), Belém, PA, Brazil. Electronic address: tania.chaves@uol.com.br.
¹⁶ Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: torduna@gmail.com.
¹⁷ Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: sclloveras@gmail.com.
¹⁸ Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile. Electronic address: cabreravenezuela@gmail.com.
¹⁹ Hospital Salvador Bienvenido Gautier, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Electronic address: monica_thormann@hotmail.com.
²⁰ Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: yas.oguz99@yahoo.com.
²¹ Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Electronic address: clevyperez@gmail.com.
²² Hospital Roosevelt, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Electronic address: nsandovalpaiz@gmail.com.
²³ Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras; GRINVAR Research Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Electronic address: lysien.zambrano@unah.edu.hn.
²⁴ National Clinical Coordinator COVID-19-WHO Studies, Colombia. Clinica Universitaria Colombia, Clinica Colsanitas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia. Electronic address: calvarem@gmail.com.
²⁵ Think Vaccines LLC, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: enrique.chacon@thinkvaccines.org.
²⁶ Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia; Grupo de Expertos Clínicos en Dengue, Ministerio de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia; Comité de Expertos Asesor de Malaria, Ministerio de Salud, Bogota, Colombia. Electronic address: wilmer.villamil@unisimon.edu.co.
²⁷ Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru; Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huánuco, Peru. Electronic address: FArteaga@unheval.edu.pe.
²⁸ Hospital Evangélico de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay. Electronic address: edusavio@hotmail.com.
²⁹ Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, 660003, Colombia; Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA; Grupo de Investigación en Infecciones Emergentes y Medicina Tropical, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomedicas - Sci-Help, Risaralda, Pereira, Colombia. Electronic address: jaime.cardona@uam.edu.co.
³⁰ Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. Electronic address: risqueza@gmail.com.
³¹ Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela; Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela. Electronic address: vacter.cv@gmail.com.
³² Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz, Cúcuta, Norte de Santander, Cucuta, Colombia. Electronic address: krisellcs@gmail.com.
³³ Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-be-University), Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India; SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Kalyanpur-10, Siraha, Nepal; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: ranjitsah57@gmail.com.
³⁴ Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru. Electronic address: dalefi19@gmail.com.
³⁵ School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, 170120, Ecuador; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany. Electronic address: jdacosta@puce.edu.ec.
³⁶ Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA. Electronic address: sierral@ccf.org.
³⁷ Interdisciplinary Research Group in Health-Disease (GIISE), Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. Electronic address: darkeio92@gmail.com.
³⁸ Hospital Universitario Departamental de Nariño, Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. Electronic address: masolarte9@gmail.com.
³⁹ Department of Medical Research, Institute of Gastro-enterology, Havana, Cuba. Electronic address: dr.angel.escobedo1967@gmail.com.
⁴⁰ Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine, Universidad Espiritu Santo, Samborondon, 091952, Ecuador. Electronic address: shafiul.haque@hotmail.com.
⁴¹ Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, Egypt; International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (VIWG/ISAC), The Sharkya Governorate Alliance of One Health, Egypt. Electronic address: egyamer@yahoo.com.
⁴² Department of Infectious Diseases, VM Medicalpark Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey. Electronic address: hakanomu@yahoo.com.
⁴³ Servicio de Aislamiento, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", Centro de Ciencias Médicas, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), San José, Costa Rica; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas UCIMED (IICIMED) & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas (UCIMED), San José, Costa Rica; Academia Nacional de Medicina de Costa Rica (ACANAMED), San José, Costa Rica. Electronic address: rolandoug@gmail.com.
⁴⁴ Unidad Funcional de Salud de Poblaciones Migrantes y Fronterizas, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Peru. Electronic address: edgarod6@gmail.com.
⁴⁵ Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Thai Travel Clinic, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Electronic address: wasin.mat@mahidol.ac.th.
⁴⁶ Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr Carlos G Malbrán, Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Fatala Chaben, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: marisa.fernandez@gmail.com.
⁴⁷ Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Sección Medicina del Viajero del Hospital Muñiz, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco Javier Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: selechaza@yahoo.com.ar.
⁴⁸ Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Centro de Salud Global Intercultural, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: bcabieses@udd.cl.
⁴⁹ Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. Electronic address: caespina@fiu.edu.
⁵⁰ Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Electronic address: drbrea@gmail.com.
⁵¹ Universidad Internacional SEK, Campus Miguel de Cervantes, Calle Albert Einstein s/n, Carcelén, 170120, Quito, Ecuador. Electronic address: juancarlos.navarro@uisek.edu.ec.
⁵² Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Asunción, Paraguay. Electronic address: virgilio.lezcano@gmail.com.
⁵³ Manati Medical Center, Manatí, Puerto Rico. Electronic address: Mom.id.md@gmail.com.
⁵⁴ Official Vaccination & Travel Clinic, San Juan, PR, USA. Electronic address: dr.echevarriacofino@gmail.com.
⁵⁵ Travel Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico. Electronic address: baruchjdr@clinicadeviajero.unam.mx.
⁵⁶ Dr. Radamés Nardini Clinical Hospital - Fundação Faculdade de Medicina do ABC Santo André, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: pasesa2@hotmail.com.
⁵⁷ Núcleo de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Seção de Epidemiologia Hospitalar, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: angerami@uicamp.br.
⁵⁸ Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Nacional de Niños, San Jose, Costa Rica; Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: avilaaguero@gmail.com.
⁵⁹ Latin-American Vaccinology Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: rdebbag@hotmail.com.
⁶⁰ Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela. Electronic address: maruguevaram@gmail.com.
⁶¹ Grupo de Investigación Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ambato, 180105, Ecuador. Electronic address: yenddycarrero@yahoo.es.
⁶² Department of Pediatrics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia. Electronic address: catorres@uniandes.edu.co.
⁶³ Hospital Central de la Defensa "Gómez Ulla", Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: javimembrillo@gmail.com.
⁶⁴ Sistema Nacional de Investigación-SENACYT, Panama, Panama; Infectotropico, Panama, Panama. Electronic address: jasuarez05@gmail.com.

PMID: 40113189
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2025.102839

No abstract available

Keywords: Colombia; Humanitarian crisis; Latin America; Migration; Panama; Vaccination; Venezuela.

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Infectious diseases prevention and vaccination in migrants in Latin America: The challenges of transit through the treacherous Darien gap, Panama

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Infectious diseases prevention and vaccination in migrants in Latin America: The challenges of transit through the treacherous Darien gap, Panama

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