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Review
. 2025 Jun;62(6):785-800.
doi: 10.1007/s00592-025-02478-3. Epub 2025 Mar 21.

Dysregulation and therapeutic prospects of regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes

Azharuddin Sajid Syed Khaja  1   2 , Naif K Binsaleh  3   4 , Husam Qanash  3   4 , Hamad Alshetaiwi  5   3 , Ibrahim Abdelmageed Mohamed Ginawi  6 , Mohd Saleem  5   3
Affiliations
Review

Dysregulation and therapeutic prospects of regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes

Azharuddin Sajid Syed Khaja et al. Acta Diabetol. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that selectively destroys β-cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Several studies have implicated and elaborated the significant role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the pathogenesis of T1D. Tregs are a specialized subset of T cells and are critical regulators of peripheral self-tolerance. However, if the number, function, or stability of these cells is altered, it can lead to autoimmunity. This review summarizes the current knowledge and understanding about Treg function in both health and T1D, Tregs dysregulation, and various factors, including microRNAs, that affect their dysregulation in T1D. The review also focuses on the advantages and challenges of Treg-based therapies for T1D.

Keywords: CAR-Treg cell therapy; Immune dysregulation; Immunosuppressive cells; Regulatory T cells; Type 1 diabetes; microRNA.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Informed consent: Not applicable.

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