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Review
. 2025 Mar 22.
doi: 10.1007/s00702-025-02915-1. Online ahead of print.

Therapeutic innovations for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease: focus on technology-based therapies

Jeryl Ritzi T Yu #  1   2 , Avery Kundrick #  3 , Enrique C Panganiban  4 , Michelle Ann Sy  5 , Saar Anis  3 , Hubert H Fernandez  3
Affiliations
Review

Therapeutic innovations for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease: focus on technology-based therapies

Jeryl Ritzi T Yu et al. J Neural Transm (Vienna). .

Abstract

As Parkinson's disease (PD) progresses, patients experience motor fluctuations, which may manifest as motor and/or non-motor wearing off symptoms, delayed "ON" time, and/or levodopa-related dyskinesia. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy but may not be suitable for all patients due to factors such as premorbid conditions age, or accessibility. We review technology-based therapeutic innovations for PD: infusion therapies and novel non-invasive neuromodulation methods using the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane, and Science Direct. Infusion therapies such as percutaneous (LCIG, LECIG) and subcutaneous options (ND0612, foslevodopa-foscarbidopa, CSAI) demonstrate significant benefits in reducing OFF time and enhancing ON time without troublesome dyskinesias. However, vigilance is required for procedural and skin adverse events. Neuromodulation approaches such as auricular, vagus nerve, and galvanic vestibular stimulation, as well as whole-body vibration, showed promising benefits in freezing of gait (FOG) and tremor. Infusion and non-invasive neuromodulation therapies provide additional treatment options for patients with refractory motor and non-motor symptoms and may be an alternative for those who experience limitations of traditional dopaminergic therapies and are not candidates for neurosurgical interventions.

Keywords: Infusion therapies; Motor complications; Neuromodulation; Parkinson’s disease.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this study.

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