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. 2025 May;42(5):e70027.
doi: 10.1111/dme.70027. Epub 2025 Mar 23.

'The seagull theory: Where people fly in, gather information… fly out and nothing ever comes about': A qualitative exploration of barriers and enablers to research participation among adults with type 2 diabetes living in Australian rural communities

Joanne Jordan  1   2   3 , Jo-Anne Manski-Nankervis  4   5 , Meaghan Read  4   6 , Timothy Skinner  1   2   3 , Jane Speight  1   2   3 , Elizabeth Holmes-Truscott  1   2   3   4
Affiliations

'The seagull theory: Where people fly in, gather information… fly out and nothing ever comes about': A qualitative exploration of barriers and enablers to research participation among adults with type 2 diabetes living in Australian rural communities

Joanne Jordan et al. Diabet Med. 2025 May.

Abstract

Aim: Rural communities are under-represented in diabetes research, with implications for the generalisability, implementation and reach of research outcomes. Increased efforts to conduct diabetes research in, or inclusive of, rural communities are predicated on effective participant recruitment. This study explores the motivations for, barriers to and enablers of research participation among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Australian rural communities.

Method: A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted involving adults (18+ years) living with T2D in rural communities, using multi-modal recruitment approaches and purposeful sampling across Australian states and gender. Audio-recorded, semi-structured interviews explored participants' perceptions of research participation. An abductive coding approach was undertaken to identify salient themes.

Results: Twenty-one participants were recruited across all six Australian states, median (range) age of 63 (41-78) years and 65% were women. Barriers to research participation include diabetes stigma, lack of community awareness of T2D, few research opportunities, geographical distances of rural communities from research sites and individual time and resource constraints. Enablers strongly focused on increased engagement and involvement of rural communities in research and offering education or access to diabetes care as part of research activities. Motivations for research participation included opportunities to help or advocate for rural and T2D communities and highlight under-resourcing of rural healthcare services.

Conclusion: Study findings inform practical strategies that may improve recruitment mechanisms for T2D research in rural communities, for example, community-driven recruitment methods. Evaluation of the effectiveness of such strategies in research practice will be needed.

Keywords: qualitative; research; rural; type 2 diabetes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Summary of qualitative themes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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