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. 2025 Mar 24;11(2):00950-2024.
doi: 10.1183/23120541.00950-2024. eCollection 2025 Mar.

Prevalence and determinants of smoke-free homes in 12 European countries: the TackSHS Survey

Olena Tigova  1   2   3   4 , Chiara Stival  5 , Yolanda Castellano  1   2   3   4 , Alessandra Lugo  5 , Marcela Fu  1   2   3   6 , Anna Mar López  1   2   3 , Cristina Martínez  1   2   3   6   7 , Joan B Soriano  1   8   9 , Rachel O'Donnell  10 , Sean Semple  10 , Maria J López  11   12   13 , Esteve Fernández  1   2   3   4   14   15 , Silvano Gallus  5   15   16
Affiliations

Prevalence and determinants of smoke-free homes in 12 European countries: the TackSHS Survey

Olena Tigova et al. ERJ Open Res. .

Abstract

Background: Homes are one of the primary locations where people are exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) in Europe. We describe the prevalence and identify the main determinants of having home-smoking restrictions in 12 European countries.

Methods: Cross-sectional survey in 12 European countries conducted in 2017-2018 (TackSHS project). Approximately 1000 participants representing the general population aged ≥15 years of each country were interviewed face to face. Individual- and country-level characteristics were explored through adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) obtained from multilevel Poisson models with random effects.

Results: Among 11 734 participants, 70.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 69.4-71.0%) had smoke-free homes and 17.5% (95% CI 16.8-18.2%) had partial home-smoking restrictions in place. Prevalence of smoke-free homes ranged from 44.4% in Greece to 84.5% in England. Having a smoke-free home was significantly inversely associated with current (PR=0.60) or former (PR=0.95) smoking and living in a household with one (PR=0.70) or two or more (PR=0.58) people who smoke. It was also significantly associated with being ≥65 years old (PR=1.05), being female (PR=1.07), having a high educational level (PR=1.09) and living with children (PR=1.09). Having a smoke-free home was associated with living in northern Europe, while partial home-smoking restrictions were more likely among respondents from eastern Europe and countries with lower per capita gross domestic product.

Conclusions: The prevalence of smoke-free homes in Europe is relatively high, but with large variability across countries. European countries with a lower prevalence of smoke-free homes should implement tailored interventions targeting identified determinants and incorporate the success of other countries.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: The authors have nothing to disclose.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Prevalence (%) of smoke-free homes in 12 European countries (n=11 734; TackSHS Survey, 2017–2018).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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