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. 2025 Mar 10:12:1464274.
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1464274. eCollection 2025.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 mortality: a retrospective study

Yaohua Hu #  1 , You Lu #  2 , Jiagui Dong  1 , Delin Xia  1 , Jin Li  1 , Hong Wang  1 , Min Rao  1 , Chenxing Wang  1 , Wanning Tong  1
Affiliations

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 mortality: a retrospective study

Yaohua Hu et al. Front Med (Lausanne). .

Abstract

Background: The global impact of SARS-CoV-2 and its associated coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has necessitated urgent characterization of prognostic biomarkers. This study aimed to delineate the epidemiological and clinical predictors of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 123 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to Huoshenshan Hospital (Wuhan, China) from 1 February 2020 to 30 April 2020. Kaplan-Meier curve and multivariate Cox regression were used to assess the independent factors with survival time. Statistical significance was set at a p-value of <0.05.

Results: The cohort exhibited a mortality rate of 49.6% (61/123), with the critical clinical type (HR = 7.970, p = 0.009), leukocytosis (HR = 3.408, p = 0.006), and lymphopenia (HR = 0.817, p = 0.038) emerging as independent predictors of reduced survival. Critical-type patients demonstrated significantly elevated inflammatory markers (neutrophils: 10.41 ± 6.23 × 109/L; CRP: 104.47 ± 29.18 mg/L) and coagulopathy (D-dimer: 5.21 ± 2.34 μg/ml) compared to non-critical cases. Deceased patients exhibited pronounced metabolic derangements, including hyperglycemia (9.81 ± 2.07 mmol/L) and hepatic dysfunction (ALP: 174.03 ± 30.13 U/L).

Conclusion: We revealed the epidemiological and clinical features of different clinical types of SARS-CoV-2 as summarized in this paper. We found that critical type, leukocyte, and lymphocyte are risk factors that affect survival time, which could be an early and helpful marker to improve management of COVID-19 patients.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; d-dimer; epidemiology; leukocyte.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Relationship between clinical type and survival time.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Relationship between d-d dimer and survival time.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Relationship between leukocytes and survival time.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Relationship between lymphocytes and survival time.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Associations of the actors with survival time.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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