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Observational Study
. 2025 Mar 12:13:1464639.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1464639. eCollection 2025.

Mental health of general practitioners and family medicine specialists 2 years into the COVID-19 pandemic

Marija Zafirovska #  1   2 , Jelena Danilenko #  3   4 , Aleksandar Zafirovski #  2   5   6 , Kristien Coteur #  7 , Heidrun Lingner  8 , Cristián Andrés Frigolett  9 , Milena Cojić  10 , Mustafa Kürşat Şahin  11 , Carmen Iliana Busneag  12   13   14 , Nicola Buono  15 , Aleksander Stepanović  16   17 , Christine Brütting  18 , Lyubomir Kirilov Kirov  1   19   20 , Zaim Jatić  21   22 , Liljana Ramasaco  23 , Monika Brovč  24 , Vanja Lazić  25   26   27 , Erjona Abazaj  28 , Ljubin Šukriev  1
Affiliations
Observational Study

Mental health of general practitioners and family medicine specialists 2 years into the COVID-19 pandemic

Marija Zafirovska et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted general medical practice by altering work structures and increasing teamwork while also adversely affecting the mental health of general practitioners and family medicine specialists. This study assesses depression, anxiety, and fear levels among general practitioners and family medicine specialists in Europe 2 years after the COVID-19 pandemic's onset, and it explores influencing factors.

Methods: This observational cross-sectional study included participants from 13 European countries. Data was collected from May to August 2022 with an anonymous online survey incorporating validated questionnaires for depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), and fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S). Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, correlation tests, and linear regression.

Results: A total of 1,723 participants completed the survey. Findings indicated an overall mild to moderate levels of anxiety (GAD-7: 5.4 ± 4.76) and depression (PHQ-9: 6.33 ± 5.43), and moderate fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19: 12.84 ± 5.29). Key determinants of anxiety, fear, and depression included country, at-risk status, patient non-compliance, and mental health history. Sex influenced anxiety and fear, losing co-workers to COVID-19 influenced anxiety and depression, while losing relatives or friends influenced fear.

Conclusion: Two years into the pandemic, European general practitioners and family medicine specialists showed mild to moderate levels of anxiety, depression, and fear. Country, at-risk status, mental health history, and work-related challenges significantly affected mental health. Crucial interventions are needed to support healthcare workers during pandemics, focusing on protective measures, stable work environments, and coping strategies for anxiety and depression.

Keywords: COVID-19; anxiety; depression; family practice; fear of COVID-19; general practice; mental health.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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