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. 2025 Mar 27:10.1007/s10803-025-06769-0.
doi: 10.1007/s10803-025-06769-0. Online ahead of print.

Unintentional Drowning Incidents Involving Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Treated in US Emergency Departments, 2016-2020

Kristal Xie  1 , Ashley Blanchard  2 , Stanford Chihuri  3 , Matthew Russell  4 , Caleb Ing  4   3 , Carolyn DiGuiseppi  5 , Guohua Li  4   3
Affiliations

Unintentional Drowning Incidents Involving Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Treated in US Emergency Departments, 2016-2020

Kristal Xie et al. J Autism Dev Disord. .

Abstract

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at heightened risk of unintentional drowning. We examined the epidemiological patterns of unintentional drowning incidents involving children diagnosed with ASD treated in US emergency departments (EDs). Data for this study came from the 2016-2020 Nationwide ED Sample. Children aged 1-19 years diagnosed with ASD and treated in EDs were identified using ICD-10-CM code F84.0. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of drowning-related ED visits associated with ASD. During the study period, there were an estimated 21,226 unintentional drowning-related ED visits in children, including 369 in children diagnosed with ASD. Compared to children without ASD, ED visits for unintentional drownings in children with ASD were more likely to have occurred in swimming pools (47.45% vs. 41.21%), natural water (15.55% vs. 8.82%), and bathtubs (8.08% vs. 4.79%). Among children with ASD, unintentional drowning-related ED visits occurred more commonly in children > 10 years (43.20% vs. 18.19%) and were more likely to result in hospital admission (35.14% vs. 22.02%) than among children without ASD. With adjustment for demographic characteristics, ASD was associated with more than a 2-fold increased odds of ED-treated unintentional drowning (aOR = 2.31; 95% CI 1.84, 2.89). Epidemiologic patterns of unintentional drowning are different between children with and without ASD. Targeted interventions designed to increase supervision, provide adaptive swimming lessons, and enhance environmental safety may reduce the risk of unintentional drownings among children diagnosed with ASD.

Keywords: ASD; Children; Drowning; Emergency department; Unintentional.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing Interests: No competing interests or funding to disclose.

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