Conflict of interest: J.B. Soriano has received pharmaceutical company grants between 2020 and 2024 from Chiesi, GSK, Linde and Novartis via Hospital Universitario de La Princesa; has participated in speaking activities, advisory committees and consultancy between 2020 and 2024 sponsored by Air Liquide, Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, CHEST, Chiesi, CNPT, ERS, FTH, Gebro, Grifols, GSK, IHME, Laminar Pharma, Linde, Lipopharma, Menarini, Mundipharma, Novartis, OMS/WHO, Pfizer, ResApp, RiRL, ROVI, SEPAR, Seqirus, WHO EUR, Takeda and Zambon; finally, J.B. Soriano declares he has never, directly or indirectly, received any funding from tobacco manufacturers or their affiliates. The remaining authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.