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Review
. 2025 Mar 13;15(6):818.
doi: 10.3390/ani15060818.

Renal Biomarkers in Companion Animals-A Review

Ana Filipa Pereira  1   2 , Catarina Jota Baptista  1   3 , Ana Faustino-Rocha  1   4   5 , Paula A Oliveira  1   6 , Ana Cláudia Coelho  1   6
Affiliations
Review

Renal Biomarkers in Companion Animals-A Review

Ana Filipa Pereira et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

Recent advancements in molecular biology have led to the discovery of potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney disease (AKD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The use of multiple biomarkers in the diagnosis of kidney disease has the potential to enhance both specificity and sensitivity, enabling early detection and intervention that could ultimately reduce morbidity and mortality rates. This review provides an overview of studies on urine and blood biomarkers and examines their utility and significance in various clinical settings. Further and continuous research is needed to support the application of these biomarkers in clinical practice to facilitate early diagnosis, guidance for different interventions, and the monitoring of disease progression.

Keywords: biomarker; kidney failure; small animal; veterinary.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The distribution of renal biomarkers according to this anatomical site. (IgA) Immunoglobulins A, (IgM) Immunoglobulins, (IgG) Immunoglobulins G; (SDMA) Symmetric dimethylarginine; (NGAL) Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin; (KIM-1) Kidney Injury Molecule-1; Retinol Binding Protein (RBP).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Kidney injury biomarkers (early markers and late markers). NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin); KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1); BUN (blood urea nitrogen).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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