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. 2025 May 30;53(3):87-97.
doi: 10.4274/TJAR.2025.251925. Epub 2025 Mar 27.

Foundations and Advancements in Hemodynamic Monitoring: Part I-Elements of Hemodynamics

Zeliha Aslı Demir  1 , Emre Sertaç Bingül  2 , Burhan Dost  3 , Gamze Talih  4 , Aslıhan Aykut  1 , Muhammed Enes Aydın  5 , Başak Akça  6 , Ümit Karadeniz  1
Affiliations

Foundations and Advancements in Hemodynamic Monitoring: Part I-Elements of Hemodynamics

Zeliha Aslı Demir et al. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. .

Abstract

Standard monitoring guidelines by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care have not been updated for over a decade, despite rapid advancements in monitoring technology and the growing complexity of surgical patients. Traditional parameters such as blood pressure and pulse oximetry often fail to detect critical intraoperative conditions, emphasizing the need for comprehensive hemodynamic assessment. This review, the first of a two-part series, explores the fundamental elements of hemodynamics, including cardiac output, stroke volume, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, with a focus on their physiological basis, clinical significance, and perioperative applications. This article provides a detailed foundation for understanding hemodynamic monitoring, setting the stage for the second article, which addresses advanced monitoring tools and their applications in contemporary anaesthesia practice.

Keywords: Anaesthesia monitoring; hemodynamics; intensive care; patient outcomes; perioperative care.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Left ventricle pressure volume loop IVR, isovolumic ventricular relaxation; ESPVR, end-systolic pressure-volume relationship; IVC, isovolumic contraction time; ESV, end-systolic volume; EDV, end-diastolic volume
Figure 2
Figure 2
Algorithm for advanced hemodynamic management. This algorithm was designed as a simplified guide for the application of hemodynamic parameters. In clinical practice, patient-specific factors and varying clinical scenarios should be carefully considered when interpreting and utilizing an algorithm. Continuous reassessment and integration of additional physiological and diagnostic data are essential for optimizing hemodynamic management
Figure 3
Figure 3
Relationship between oxygen delivery and consumption
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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