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. 2025 Jul;43(2):256-265.
doi: 10.1007/s11419-025-00719-2. Epub 2025 Mar 28.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of ∆8-THC-O, ∆9-THC-O, 11-α-HHC-O, and 11-β-HHC-O by pooled human liver microsomes to generate ∆8-THC, ∆9-THC, 11-α-HHC, and 11-β-HHC

Shuangli Zhao  1 , Jorge Carlos Pineda García  1 , Ren-Shi Li  1   2 , Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri  3 , Yosuke Demizu  4 , Yoshitaka Tanaka  1 , Yuji Ishii  5
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Free article

Enzymatic hydrolysis of ∆8-THC-O, ∆9-THC-O, 11-α-HHC-O, and 11-β-HHC-O by pooled human liver microsomes to generate ∆8-THC, ∆9-THC, 11-α-HHC, and 11-β-HHC

Shuangli Zhao et al. Forensic Toxicol. 2025 Jul.
Free article

Abstract

Purpose: In recent years, analogues of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) have been widely distributed in Japan via the internet. Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), synthesized by reducing THC, was controlled as a designated substance under the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Act in Japan in 2022. However, other semi-synthetic cannabinoids, such as acetyl derivatives of THC and HHC, appeared soon. Herein, we examined whether the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylated forms of ∆9-THC, ∆8-THC 11-α-HHC, and 11-β-HHC by human liver microsomes (HLM) occurs.

Methods: The hydrolysis reaction was accomplished with HLM. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine products. Recombinant enzymes carboxylesterase 1C (CES1c), carboxylesterase 2 (CES2), and carboxylesterase inhibitor bis-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) were used to clarify the principal hydrolysis enzymes for acetylated cannabinoids.

Results: The acetylated form underwent hydrolysis with HLM time-dependently, with almost no acetylated product remaining after 60 min. Furthermore, results from LC-MS showed that only the deacetylated form was present after hydrolysis. Although hydrolysis did not occur when HLM was pre-incubated with the carboxylesterase inhibitor BNPP, it was observed when CES1c or CES2 was used for in vitro experiments.

Conclusion: This is the first time that it is elucidated that ∆9-THC-O, ∆8-THC-O, 11-α-HHC-O, and 11-β-HHC-O are enzymatically hydrolyzed with HLM to produce ∆9-THC, ∆8-THC, 11-α-HHC, and 11-β-HHC, respectively. Our results also support that CES1c and CES2 were the main enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the acetylated cannabinoids. This study provides scientific support for the metabolism of newly regulated acetylated cannabinoids to cause the parent compound in vivo.

Keywords: Acetylation; Carboxylesterase; Hexahydrocannabinol; Human in vitro hydroxylation; Tetrahydrocannabinol.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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