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. 2025 Mar 28;25(1):432.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-10827-4.

Prevalence and risk factors of high-risk HPV and cervical abnormalities in HIV-positive women in Bali, Indonesia

I Ketut Agus Somia  1 , Made Lady Adelaida Purwanta  2 , Ni Wayan Winarti  2 , Ida Bagus Nyoman Putra Dwija  3 , Desak Made Putri Pidari  4 , Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri  3 , Anak Agung Ayu Yuli Gayatri  2 , I Nyoman Gede Budiana  2 , Komang Januartha Putra Pinatih  3 , Ketut Tuti Parwati Merati  3
Affiliations

Prevalence and risk factors of high-risk HPV and cervical abnormalities in HIV-positive women in Bali, Indonesia

I Ketut Agus Somia et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are at higher risk of cervical cancer, particularly in regions like Indonesia where cervical cancer screening programs are limited. Bali has seen a rise in both HIV and cervical cancer cases, prompting the need for targeted interventions. This study investigates the prevalence of cervical cytological abnormalities and associated risk factors among women with HIV in Bali, focusing on their relationship with high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2023, recruiting 245 women from HIV outpatient clinics in Bali. Demographic and clinical data were collected via interviews and physical examinations, including cervical swabs and blood samples. HPV genotyping was performed using ThinPrep cytology followed by a two-stage PCR process. The first stage utilized universal primers (MY09/11) for HPV detection, while the second stage employed type-specific primers to identify high-risk strains, (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,66 and 68. Blood samples were analyzed to determine CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts.

Results: Of 239 participants, 26 (10.87%) had abnormal cytology (6 cases (2.5%) of atypical squamous cells with high risk (ASC-H), 9 cases (3.8%) of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), 4 cases (1.7%) of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (H-SIL), and 7 cases (2.9%) of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (L-SIL)). Furthermore, 58 participants (24%) were tested positive for HPV DNA, with HPV type 18 being the most prevalent (28% in all HPV-positive samples). HPV-positive women had a seven-fold higher risk of abnormal cytology (PR = 7.022, 95% CI = 3.223-15.295). Multivariate analysis revealed HPV 18 as an independent risk factor (ExpB = 9.029, p = 0.007) and a history of pap smear screening reduced HR-HPV risk (ExpB = 0.358, p = 0.013).

Conclusion: This study highlights that 10.87% of HIV-positive women in Bali had abnormal cytology, with HPV 18 significantly linked to higher risk. A history of pap smear screening reduced HR-HPV risk. These findings underscore the need for robust cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination, particularly for younger women, to improve health outcomes in Indonesia.

Keywords: Cervical abnormalities; Cervical cytological abnormalities; HIV; High-risk HPV; Risk factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study reported data of human tissue samples, which were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations from established laboratory. All participants gave their consent by signing on a written informed consent. This study has been granted an ethical statement from the Ethic Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University with the ethical clearance number: 1662/UN14.2.2.VII.14/LT/2023. Consent for publication: All authors agreed to give their consent for the publication of this article. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Recruitment process during the study
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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