Mobilizing a New Era in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Treatment and Prevention

Aaron E L Warren¹, Anup D Patel^{2

3}, J Helen Cross⁴, Dave F Clarke⁵, Linda J Dalic⁶, Zachary M Grinspan⁷, Gabrielle Conecker⁸, Juliet K Knowles⁹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
² Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
³ The Center for Clinical Excellence, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
⁴ Developmental Neurosciences Department, UCL NIHR BRC, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
⁵ Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
⁶ Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁸ The Inchstone Project, a Project of Decoding Developmental Epilepsies, Washington, DC, USA.
⁹ Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

PMID: 40161505
PMCID: PMC11948257
DOI: 10.1177/15357597251321926

Review

Mobilizing a New Era in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Treatment and Prevention

Aaron E L Warren et al. Epilepsy Curr. 2025.

. 2025 Mar 25;25(3):236-243.

doi: 10.1177/15357597251321926. eCollection 2025 May-Jun.

Authors

Aaron E L Warren¹, Anup D Patel^{2

3}, J Helen Cross⁴, Dave F Clarke⁵, Linda J Dalic⁶, Zachary M Grinspan⁷, Gabrielle Conecker⁸, Juliet K Knowles⁹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
² Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
³ The Center for Clinical Excellence, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
⁴ Developmental Neurosciences Department, UCL NIHR BRC, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
⁵ Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
⁶ Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁸ The Inchstone Project, a Project of Decoding Developmental Epilepsies, Washington, DC, USA.
⁹ Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

PMID: 40161505
PMCID: PMC11948257
DOI: 10.1177/15357597251321926

Abstract

This review summarizes content presented at the Pediatric State of the Art Symposium held during the American Epilepsy Society's annual meeting in December 2024. The symposium focused on Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy that emerges in childhood. Despite its diverse etiologies, LGS is defined by a convergent constellation of electroclinical features: multiple seizure types including tonic seizures, slow spike-wave and generalized paroxysmal fast activity on EEG, and intellectual disability. LGS is almost always refractory to available therapies and accounts for substantial costs-in healthcare spending and in quality of life for affected individuals, their families, and caregivers. The symposium highlighted recent breakthroughs in research, clinical care, and outcome measurement that have positioned the clinical, scientific, and patient advocacy communities to usher in a new, more hopeful era of treatment and prevention.

Keywords: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; developmental and epileptic encephalopathies; pediatric epilepsy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: JKK serves on the Medical and Scientific Advisory Council of the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Foundation. JHC has been a speaker and on advisory boards for GW Pharamceuticals, Zogenix, Biocodex, Stoke Therapeutics. All remuneration has been paid to her department. She is president of the International League Against Epilepsy (2021-2025) and chair of the medical boards for Dravet UK, Hope 4 Hypothalamic Hamartoma and Matthews Friends. DFC has served on the neuroscience council advisory board of Neurelis. LJD has received honoraria from LivaNova, Chiesi, Eisai and Boston Scientific. ZMG is involved in an investigator-initiated trial with Amgen, and has consulted for Capsida Biotherapeutics, Encoded Therapeutics, Mahzi Therapeutics and Neurvati Therapeutics. GC has funding from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Longboard Pharmaceuticals, Neurocrine Biosciences, Neurelis, Ovid Therapeutics, Stoke Therapeutics.

References

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Mobilizing a New Era in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Treatment and Prevention

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Mobilizing a New Era in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Treatment and Prevention

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