Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Mar 24:61:51-59.
doi: 10.29390/001c.132324. eCollection 2025.

The effect of inspiratory muscle training on the inspiratory muscle metaboreflex: A systematic review

Thiago Bezerra Wanderley E Lima  1 , Brunna Beatriz Dos Santos Silva  2 , Ana Paula Silva de Souza  3 , Dalyane Mirelly Fonseca Aires  3 , Marina Gomes Fagundes  4
Affiliations

The effect of inspiratory muscle training on the inspiratory muscle metaboreflex: A systematic review

Thiago Bezerra Wanderley E Lima et al. Can J Respir Ther. .

Abstract

Background: Increases in respiratory work and, consequently, the development of respiratory muscle fatigue can result in activation of the inspiratory muscle metaboreflex (IMM). This central nervous system response includes redirection of blood flow from skeletal muscles to respiratory muscles, which can limit exercise capacity. Therefore, developing approaches that may minimize the need for IMM is important. Recent studies have suggested that inspiratory muscle training (IMT) may reduce the IMM response. This review aims to synthesize studies that examine the efficacy of IMT in reducing IMM.

Methods: Databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of IMT on the IMM. Searches were performed in MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and LILACS from inception to December 2023. Assessment of the methodological quality of the included studies was guided by the PEDro scale.

Results: Four studies met the inclusion criteria, two RCTs and two non-randomized controlled trials, collectively including 76 subjects. Three studies included healthy subjects, and one included patients with heart failure. In all studies, IMT demonstrated a significant attenuating effect on the IMM, increasing inspiratory muscle strength and time of exercise tolerance (Tlim).

Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that IMT may provide an effective approach for attenuating the IMM and increasing inspiratory muscle strength and Tlim. However, the small collective sample size and heterogeneity across studies limit current recommendations.

Keywords: Inspiratory muscle; Metaboreflex; Muscle fatigue; Respiratory muscles; Tissue oxygenation; systematic review.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form and declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Flowchart of study selection.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Threshold effects of respiratory muscle work on limb vascular resistance. Sheel A.W., Derchak P.A., Pegelow D.F., Dempsey J.A. 2002Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 282(5):H1732–H1738. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00798.2001. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00798.2001 - DOI - DOI - PubMed
    1. Competition for blood flow distribution between respiratory and locomotor muscles: implications for muscle fatigue. Sheel A. W., Boushel R., Dempsey J. A. 2018J Appl Physiol (1985) 125(3):820–831. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00189.2018. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00189.2018 - DOI - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fatiguing inspiratory muscle work causes reflex sympathetic activation in humans. St Croix C. M., Morgan B. J., Wetter T. J., Dempsey J. A. 2000J Physiol. 529 Pt 2(Pt 2):493–504. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00493.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00493.x - DOI - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Effect of increased inspiratory muscle work on blood flow to inactive and active limbs during submaximal dynamic exercise. Katayama K., Goto K., Shimizu K.., et al. 2019Exp Physiol. 104(2):180–188. doi: 10.1113/EP087380. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087380 - DOI - DOI - PubMed
    1. Respiratory and locomotor muscle blood flow during exercise in health and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Vogiatzis I., Louvaris Z., Wagner P.D. 2020Exp Physiol. 105(12):1990–1996. doi: 10.1113/EP088104. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP088104 - DOI - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources