Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Observational Study
. 2025 Mar 31;25(1):88.
doi: 10.1186/s12902-025-01905-4.

Evaluating cloudcare, a population health management system, in persons with type 1 diabetes: an observational study

Affiliations
Observational Study

Evaluating cloudcare, a population health management system, in persons with type 1 diabetes: an observational study

Cornelis A J van Beers et al. BMC Endocr Disord. .

Abstract

Background: Innovations in diabetes technology have consistently improved outcomes of persons with type1 diabetes (PWDs). However, the volumes of data that these technologies yield require different workflows to alleviate healthcare professionals' (HCPs) workload and prevent losing relevant data in between visits for interpretation and treatment adaptations. CloudCare is a population health management tool that continuously oversees data from groups of individual PWDs, based on remote monitoring, screening and triaging of individual PWDs. This study assesses the effect of CloudCare on treatment satisfaction of PWDs, HCPs' workload and glycemic control of PWDs.

Methods: We evaluated the 6-month follow-up outcomes as part of an ongoing prospective cohort study analyzing the effect of CloudCare. Adult PWDs diagnosed > 6 months before inclusion were enrolled. The primary outcome was the change in PWD treatment satisfaction (DTSQc). Secondary outcomes included the number and type of contacts between HCPs and PWDs, diabetes-related distress (PAID-5), and glycemic control.

Results: In September 2024, 175 participants had baseline data available, with a median age of 29.9 years and a median diabetes duration of 17 years. Differences between baseline and 6 months could be calculated for 119 participants. After 6 months follow-up, the median increase in PWDs' treatment satisfaction (DTSQc) was + 6.0 (IQR 2-11; p < 0.001). The number of face-to-face contacts per PWD per 3 months decreased from 0.85 at baseline to 0.34 (p < 0.001) at 6 months. Diabetes-related distress was significantly decreased at 3 months (p < 0.001) and at 6 months (p = 0.034), compared with baseline. Glucometrics did not significantly change, with a TIR of 79% at baseline and 78% after 6 months (p = 0.39), and a mean glucose management indicator (GMI) of 50 mmol/mol (6.7%) at all timepoints.

Conclusions: In adult PWDs with good glycemic control, CloudCare decreases workload for HCPs, while increasing PWDs' treatment satisfaction and maintaining excellent glycemic control during 6 months, showing this concept can be applied in modern diabetes care with high density data availability.

Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT05431140; registration date 21-6-2023.

Keywords: Care pathways; Population health management; Remote monitoring; Type 1 diabetes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The Medical Research Ethics Committee of Erasmus Medical Centre (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands, declared that since participants were not subjected to any actions or restrictions and followed in regular care, this study was exempt from further approval procedures (registration number MEC-2019-0790). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: Diabeter is a pediatric and adult diabetes care and research clinic, owned by Medtronic, but with independent clinical care and prescription. CloudCare is a Medtronic product: the concept of CloudCare is developed fully independently by the medical staff of Diabeter. Medtronic has supported its development with IT and organizational manpower support. There has been no financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. SL is employee of Diabeter Nederland and of Medtronic Trading NL B.V. Eindhoven, the Netherlands.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study outline
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Box and Whisker plot (median, IQR and range) of change in DTSQc score between baseline and 6 months (-3 to + 3 per item; n = 119). DTSQc, Change version of the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire; IQR, interquartile range
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Contacts between PWDs and HCPs (baseline, n = 172; 3 months, n = 134; 6 months, n = 119)

References

    1. Dovc K, Battelino T. Evolution of diabetes technology. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020;49(1):1–18. - PubMed
    1. Prigge R, McKnight JA, Wild SH, Haynes A, Jones TW, Davis EA, Rami-Merhar B, Fritsch M, Prchla C, Lavens A, et al. International comparison of glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes: an update and extension. Diabet Med. 2022;39(5):e14766. - PubMed
    1. Hallström S, Wijkman MO, Ludvigsson J, Ekman P, Pfeffer MA, Wedel H, Rosengren A, Lind M. Risk factors, mortality trends and cardiovasuclar diseases in people with type 1 diabetes and controls: A Swedish observational cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2022;21:100469. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kröger J, Reichel A, Siegmund T, Ziegler R. Clinical recommendations for the use of the ambulatory glucose profile in diabetes care. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020;14(3):586–94. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Leverenz JC, Leverenz B, Prahalad P, Bishop FK, Sagan P, Martinez-Singh A, Conrad B, Chmielewski A, Senaldi J, Scheinker D et al. Role and perspective of certified diabetes care and education specialists in the development of the 4T program. Diabetes Spectr 2024. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Associated data