Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Apr 1;25(1):484.
doi: 10.1186/s12913-025-12634-8.

Assessing user experience with the Bioline™ HCV point-of-care test in primary healthcare settings: a mixed-methods study

Evans Duah  1 , Evans Mantiri Mathebula  2 , Kuhlula Maluleke  2 , Tinyiko Violet Baloyi  2 , Richard Kobina Dadzie Ephraim  3 , Tivani Mashamba-Thompson  2
Affiliations

Assessing user experience with the Bioline™ HCV point-of-care test in primary healthcare settings: a mixed-methods study

Evans Duah et al. BMC Health Serv Res. .

Abstract

Background: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major public health challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings with inadequate diagnostic services. The Bioline™ HCV Point-of-Care (POC) test provides a promising solution for improving diagnosis in Primary Healthcare (PHC) clinics without laboratory infrastructure. This study evaluated the test's usability, acceptability, and deliverability in Ghana using user-oriented REASSURED criteria.

Methods: A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was adopted. Quantitative data was collected through direct observation of Healthcare Workers (HCWs) using audit checklists and analyzed with Stata 16. The analysis included descriptive statistics, inter-rater concordance assessment, and the application of the System Usability Scale (SUS). Qualitative data, analyzed using Atlas.ti 24.2.0, explored user experiences, confidence, storage infrastructure, and suggestions for test design improvement through in-depth interviews.

Results: The quantitative audit included 81 non-laboratory HCWs, with 22 participating in in-depth interviews. The test scored 88.7 on the SUS (95% CI: 86.40-90.88), with 88% of HCWs rating it as easy or very easy to use. Most HCWs (81.5%) successfully completed all testing steps independently, achieving 100% inter-rater concordance, but 83% made errors in at least one step, primarily during pre-testing. Qualitative findings revealed widespread acceptance, confidence, and adaptability despite challenges with storage infrastructure.

Discussion: The Bioline™ HCV POC test demonstrated high usability and acceptance among HCWs in resource-limited settings. Enhancements such as improved packaging, simplified information sheets, refined droppers, and additional components like gloves could further optimize usability. These findings support the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 by enhancing access to timely HCV diagnosis, contributing to Universal Health Coverage, and strengthening health systems in underserved areas.

Trial registration: This study is part of a diagnostic trial registered in the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry ( https://pactr.samrc.ac.za ) on 24th October 2024 with trial registration number: PACTR202410837698664.

Keywords: Acceptability; Primary healthcare; Usability; User-experience, UX.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study received full approval from the Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee, University of Pretoria, South Africa (281/2023). In addition, the Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee approved the study protocol and granted permission to use the PHC clinics in Ghana (GHS-ERC013/08/23). Introductory and approval letters from the Ghana Health Service were sent to all the PHC clinics included in the study prior to its commencement. Informed consent was obtained from all participating HCWs before they were deemed eligible for inclusion in the study. The study methods adhered to strict ethical guidelines and regulations in accordance with the Helsinki declaration. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: EMM declares that he is employed by Abbott Laboratories as a Scientific Affairs Manager for Africa and a co-supervisor to ED. He, therefore, acknowledges that he is aware of his responsibility to take the necessary steps to take reasonable steps to avoid any potential or perceived conflict of interest during his co-supervision duties in this study. Moreover, as a co-supervisor, his contribution and decisions were reviewed and approved by TM-T, the main supervisor of the study. All authors declare no other conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Map of the Central Region of Ghana highlighting the three study districts
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Ease-of-use of the Bioline™ HCV POC test: user-experience audit
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Bioline™ HCV POC test usability assessment using the SUS scale
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Kretzer IF, Livramento AD, Cunha JD, Gonçalves S, Tosin I, Spada C, Treitinger A, Hepatitis C. Worldwide and in Brazil: silent Epidemic—Data on disease including incidence, transmission, prevention, and treatment. Sci World J. 2014;2014:1–10. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Moosavy SH, Davoodian P, Nazarnezhad MA, Nejatizaheh A, Eftekhar E, Mahboobi H. Epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, and outcome of hepatitis C virus infection. Electron Physician. 2017;9(10):5646–56. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. WHO. Hepatitis C. World Health Organization. 2023. [cited 2023 Sep 2]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c.
    1. Kowdley KV. Identification of people infected with hepatitis C virus who have never been diagnosed. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2019;15(12):669–71. - PMC - PubMed
    1. WHO. Hepatitis: disease burden. World Health Oganisation. 2021. Available from: https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hepatitis.

LinkOut - more resources