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Review
. 2025 Jun 1;19(2):95-102.
doi: 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000755. Epub 2025 Apr 2.

Long COVID update: respiratory sequelae and symptoms

Muhammad Mamoon Iqbal  1   2 , Ayesha Iqbal  3   4 , Rachael A Evans  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Long COVID update: respiratory sequelae and symptoms

Muhammad Mamoon Iqbal et al. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. .

Abstract

Purpose of review: Long COVID affects approximately 6% of the population after SARS-CoV-2 infection commonly involving persistent respiratory symptoms such as breathlessness and cough. This review provides an update on the latest evidence regarding post-COVID condition/Long COVID and respiratory sequelae, focusing on persistent symptoms, respiratory complications, and therapeutic approaches to date.

Recent findings: Post-COVID interstitial lung abnormalities are estimated to persist in approximately 11% of patients hospitalized with acute COVID-19. However, breathlessness is common in adults (non-hospitalized) with Long COVID, suggesting aetiologies beyond pneumonitis. The risk of venous thromboembolic disease in Long COVID remains uncertain and trial results of anti-coagulation in Long COVID are awaited.

Summary: Long COVID presents complex respiratory challenges, and careful assessment is crucial to differentiate Long COVID symptoms from exacerbations of pre-existing respiratory conditions. Current management includes a symptom-based multidisciplinary approach, with ongoing research into effective treatments including immune modulating agents.

Keywords: Long COVID; breathing-pattern disorder; breathlessness; post-COVID interstitial lung abnormality; rehabilitation; respiratory sequelae.

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