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. 2025 Mar 18:12:1558702.
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1558702. eCollection 2025.

A correlation study of serum tumor markers with systemic lupus erythematosus-associated interstitial lung disease

Xing He  1   2 , Jiaqi Ji  3 , Ting Zhou  3 , Zeli Luo  4 , Siyu Fang  3 , Xixi Chen  5 , Chi Liu  6 , Haiying Yan  3 , Lu Guo  3
Affiliations

A correlation study of serum tumor markers with systemic lupus erythematosus-associated interstitial lung disease

Xing He et al. Front Med (Lausanne). .

Abstract

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated interstitial lung disease (SLE-ILD) is a pulmonary manifestation of SLE. Currently, serum biomarkers for early identification of SLE-ILD are lacking. Our study aimed to investigate the correlation and clinical significance of serum tumor markers (TMs) in patients with SLE-ILD.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records from SLE patients between January 2017 and November 2023. We compared the differences in serum levels of TMs including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigens (CA125, CA15-3, and CA19-9), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), cytokeratin-19-fragment (CYFRA21-1), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and ferritin (FER), between SLE-ILD and SLE patients.

Results: A total of 386 SLE patients were enrolled in this study, comprising 64 individuals with SLE-ILD. Compared with SLE group, SLE-ILD group exhibited higher serum levels of CEA, CA125, CA15-3, CA19-9, SCC, CYFRA21-1, and FER. Multivariate regression indicated that age (OR = 1.038, 95% CI = [1.004, 1.074]), CA15-3 (OR = 1.099, 95% CI = [1.039, 1.162]), and CA19-9 (OR = 1.032, 95% CI = [1.005, 1.059]) were associated factors for SLE-ILD (p < 0.05). Serum levels of CA15-3 demonstrated good diagnostic value with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.72; furthermore, combining age with serum levels of CA19-9 and CA15-3 presented enhanced diagnostic performance as reflected by an AUC = 0.80 (95% CI = [0.73, 0.86]). Serum levels of SCC and CYFRA21-1 moderately positively correlated with serum creatinine levels (r = 0.562 and 0.713, respectively).

Conclusion: Serum levels of CA125, CA15-3, and CA19-9 could act as associated markers for SLE-ILD. Serum SCC, CYFRA21-1 and FER levels may also be linked to kidney involvement in SLE-ILD.

Keywords: biomarkers; interstitial lung disease; organ involvement; systemic lupus erythematosus; tumor markers.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of patient enrollment.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Univariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors in patients with SLE-ILD. ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HGB, hemoglobin; LDH, lactic dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA, carbohydrate antigen; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma antigen; CYFRA21-1, Cytokeratin 19 fragment; NSE, neuron-specific enolase; FER, ferritin. *p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors in patients with SLE-ILD. HGB, hemoglobin; CK, creatine kinase; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA, carbohydrate antigen; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma antigen; CYFRA21-1, cytokeratin 19 fragment; NSE, neuron-specific enolase; FER, ferritin. *p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Diagnostic efficacy of age, CA15-3, CA19-9 and three combinations in patients with SLE-ILD.
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