Multicenter Study

. 2025 Jun 1;26(6):e816-e826.

doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003737. Epub 2025 Apr 2.

Time Course of Kidney Injury Biomarkers in Children With Septic Shock: Nested Cohort Study Within the Pragmatic Pediatric Trial of Balanced Versus Normal Saline Fluid in Sepsis Trial

Scott L Weiss^{1

2}, Julie C Fitzgerald^{3

4}, Benjamin L Laskin⁵, Ruchi Singh⁵, Amanda S Artis⁶, Ananya Vohra⁵, Elena Tsemberis⁵, Emem Kierian⁵, Kristen C Lau⁵, Atzael B Campos⁷, Christopher Hickey^{3

4}, Katie L Hayes⁴, Daniel Singleton⁷, Elliot Long^{8

9

10}, Franz E Babl^{8

9

10}, Stuart R Dalziel^{11

12}, Graham C Thompson¹³, Stephen B Freedman¹⁴, Michelle Eckerle¹⁵, Robert W Hickey¹⁶, Jing Huang¹⁷, Nathan Kuppermann¹⁸, Fran Balamuth^{4

5}; Pragmatic Pediatric Trial of Balanced vs. Normal Saline Fluid in Sepsis (PRoMPT BOLUS) Investigators of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN), Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC), and Pediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) Networks

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

Pragmatic Pediatric Trial of Balanced vs. Normal Saline Fluid in Sepsis (PRoMPT BOLUS) Investigators of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN), Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC), and Pediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) Networks:
E Long¹⁹, A Williams¹⁹, F Babl¹⁹, M Borland²⁰, S O'Brien²⁰, S Craig²¹, E Ramaga²¹, A Kochar²², G Nivea²², S Jani²³, D Thosar²³, A Rao²⁴, N Phillips²⁵, S George²⁶, A Lithgow²⁷, C Mitchell²⁷, G Thompson²⁸, S Freedman²⁸, B Mickiewicz²⁸, E Gilad²⁸, S Cooke²⁸, P Judge²⁹, S Murthy²⁹, N Kissoon²⁹, W Alqurashi³⁰, F Alnaji³⁰, G Sangha³¹, G Joubert³¹, A Mater³², M Brashaw³², S Curtis³³, A Joffe³³, Y Shayan³⁴, M Tucci³⁴, K Gripp³⁵, S Berthelot³⁶, M Weiss³⁶, A Davis³⁷, E Guifoyle³⁷, M Moretti³⁷, A Kam³⁸, M Parker³⁸, B Rochwerg³⁸, J Emsley³⁹, N Verma³⁹, A Sehgal⁴⁰, A Moffatt⁴⁰, J Albert⁴¹, A Artis⁴¹, F Balamuth⁴¹, A Campos⁴¹, K Hayes⁴¹, J Huang⁴¹, H Katcoff⁴¹, E Kierian⁴¹, K Lau⁴¹, A Vohra⁴¹, S Weiss⁴¹, A Bryant⁴², C Drescher⁴², M Du⁴², M Eisenberg⁴², K Madden⁴², D Kelly⁴², M Elder⁴², D Lewander⁴², T Stivers⁴², A Wagner⁴², L Benedit⁴³, M McCloskey⁴³, C R Morris⁴³, J Grunwell⁴³, S Hemani⁴³, A Locke⁴³, S Baumer-Mouradian⁴⁴, N Thompson⁴⁴, A Radowicz⁴⁴, E Rice⁴⁴, L Ambroggio⁴⁵, E Stenson⁴⁵, A Edid⁴⁵, J Jordon⁴⁵, A Festekjian⁴⁶, F Beltramo⁴⁶, S Ringold⁴⁶, J Perez⁴⁶, G Sant'Ana-Sapio⁴⁶, B Hickey⁴⁷, J Carcillo⁴⁷, S Young⁴⁷, J Dodson⁴⁸, M Badawy⁴⁸, A Dhar⁴⁸, N Booker⁴⁸, A Bird⁴⁸, C Lebel⁴⁸, E Hernandez⁴⁸, A Bayo⁴⁸, I Koutralis⁴⁹, J Chamberlain⁴⁹, M Sharron⁴⁹, K Hom⁴⁹, M Walker⁴⁹, M Vijayasekharan Rao⁴⁹, B Parrish⁴⁹, C Schanche-Perret Gentil⁴⁹, S A Latimer⁴⁹, F Abdelrahman⁴⁹, M Eckerle⁵⁰, E Stalets⁵⁰, M Schloemer⁵⁰, A Rogers⁵¹, S Gorga⁵¹, A Cator⁵¹, V Cervantes⁵¹, S Schick⁵¹, S Duffy⁵², R Rozenfeld⁵², T Chun⁵², I Bahamon⁵², N Hinz⁵², A Zahar⁵², E Ryan⁵², M Johnbaptiste⁵², M Ramirez⁵³, J Grad⁵³, E Alpern⁵⁴, M Barhight⁵⁴, J Kapes⁵⁴, A Lakes⁵⁴, M Samuels⁵⁴, J Benedetti⁵⁴, R Shannon⁵⁴, G Rohan⁵⁴, J Lloyd⁵⁵, M Hall⁵⁵, D Nelson⁵⁵, B Vance⁵⁵, K DiCostanzo⁵⁵, F Abayneh⁵⁵, K Clinton⁵⁵, K Rengel⁵⁵, M Kwok⁵⁶, P Wilson⁵⁶, J Ochs⁵⁶, M L Nye⁵⁶, Y Toribio⁵⁶, T Adler⁵⁶, R Lane⁵⁷, J Workman⁵⁷, T Harbour⁵⁷, J Mulvey⁵⁷, N Uspal⁵⁸, C Tran⁵⁸, A Rivero Chavez⁵⁸, M Tosch-Berneburg⁵⁸, C Nguyen⁵⁸, R Kwon⁵⁸, K Cappetto⁵⁸, A Tsogoo⁵⁸, B Strelitz⁵⁸, L Clukies⁵⁹, M Goldsmith⁵⁹, D Robinson⁵⁹, J McManemy⁶⁰, T Nguyen⁶⁰, V Gonzales⁶⁰, T Cao⁶⁰, C Vance⁶¹, N Kuppermann⁶¹, K Pimenta⁶¹, A Andrade⁶¹, M Han⁶¹, K Mansour⁶², Kevin Li⁶², L Lavrisha⁶², A Haider Ahmad⁶³, A A Rubi Banegas⁶³, A Ranjan⁶³, J Silverman⁶⁴, N Ferguson⁶⁴, M Scott⁶⁴, S Dalziel⁶⁵, M Bonisch⁶⁵, E Tan⁶⁶, J Neutze⁶⁶

Affiliations

¹ Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Children's Hospital, Wilmington, DE.
² Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
³ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
⁴ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Pediatric Sepsis Program, Philadelphia, PA.
⁵ Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
⁶ Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
⁷ Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Clinical Reporting Unit, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
⁸ Department of Emergency Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁹ Departments of Paediatrics and Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
¹⁰ Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
¹¹ Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹² Children's Emergency Department, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹³ Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary. AB, Canada.
¹⁴ Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
¹⁵ Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
¹⁶ Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA.
¹⁷ Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
¹⁸ Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.
¹⁹ The Royal Children's Hospital.
²⁰ Perth Children's Hospital.
²¹ Monash Children's Hospital.
²² Women's and Children's Hospital.
²³ The Children's Hospital at Westmead.
²⁴ Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick.
²⁵ Queensland Children's Hospital.
²⁶ Gold Coast University Hospital.
²⁷ Royal Darwin Hospital.
²⁸ Alberta Children's Hospital.
²⁹ British Columbia Children's Hospital.
³⁰ Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario.
³¹ Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre.
³² Jim Pattison Children's Hospital.
³³ Stollery Children's Hospital.
³⁴ center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine.
³⁵ The Children's Hospital of Winnipeg.
³⁶ center Hospitalier de l'Université Laval.
³⁷ Hospital for Sick Children.
³⁸ McMaster Children's Hospital.
³⁹ IWK Health center.
⁴⁰ Kingston Health Sciences center.
⁴¹ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
⁴² Boston Children's Hospital.
⁴³ Emory University; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta.
⁴⁴ Medical College of Wisconsin.
⁴⁵ Children's Hospital Colorado.
⁴⁶ Children's Hospital Los Angeles.
⁴⁷ Children's Hospital Pittsburgh.
⁴⁸ Children's Medical Center of Dallas.
⁴⁹ Children's National Hospital.
⁵⁰ Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
⁵¹ CS Mott Children's Hospital.
⁵² Hasbro Children's Hospital.
⁵³ New York University Langone Medical Center.
⁵⁴ Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.
⁵⁵ Nationwide Children's Hospital.
⁵⁶ Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.
⁵⁷ Primary Children's Hospital.
⁵⁸ Seattle Children's Hospital.
⁵⁹ St. Louis Children's Hospital.
⁶⁰ Texas Children's Hospital.
⁶¹ University of California Davis Health System.
⁶² UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital.
⁶³ University of Texas MD Anderson.
⁶⁴ Virginia Commonwealth University.
⁶⁵ Starship Hospital.
⁶⁶ Kidz First Children's Hospital.

PMID: 40172287
PMCID: PMC12140908 (available on 2026-06-01)
DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003737

Multicenter Study

Time Course of Kidney Injury Biomarkers in Children With Septic Shock: Nested Cohort Study Within the Pragmatic Pediatric Trial of Balanced Versus Normal Saline Fluid in Sepsis Trial

Scott L Weiss et al. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2025.

. 2025 Jun 1;26(6):e816-e826.

doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003737. Epub 2025 Apr 2.

Authors

Collaborators

Pragmatic Pediatric Trial of Balanced vs. Normal Saline Fluid in Sepsis (PRoMPT BOLUS) Investigators of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN), Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC), and Pediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) Networks:
E Long¹⁹, A Williams¹⁹, F Babl¹⁹, M Borland²⁰, S O'Brien²⁰, S Craig²¹, E Ramaga²¹, A Kochar²², G Nivea²², S Jani²³, D Thosar²³, A Rao²⁴, N Phillips²⁵, S George²⁶, A Lithgow²⁷, C Mitchell²⁷, G Thompson²⁸, S Freedman²⁸, B Mickiewicz²⁸, E Gilad²⁸, S Cooke²⁸, P Judge²⁹, S Murthy²⁹, N Kissoon²⁹, W Alqurashi³⁰, F Alnaji³⁰, G Sangha³¹, G Joubert³¹, A Mater³², M Brashaw³², S Curtis³³, A Joffe³³, Y Shayan³⁴, M Tucci³⁴, K Gripp³⁵, S Berthelot³⁶, M Weiss³⁶, A Davis³⁷, E Guifoyle³⁷, M Moretti³⁷, A Kam³⁸, M Parker³⁸, B Rochwerg³⁸, J Emsley³⁹, N Verma³⁹, A Sehgal⁴⁰, A Moffatt⁴⁰, J Albert⁴¹, A Artis⁴¹, F Balamuth⁴¹, A Campos⁴¹, K Hayes⁴¹, J Huang⁴¹, H Katcoff⁴¹, E Kierian⁴¹, K Lau⁴¹, A Vohra⁴¹, S Weiss⁴¹, A Bryant⁴², C Drescher⁴², M Du⁴², M Eisenberg⁴², K Madden⁴², D Kelly⁴², M Elder⁴², D Lewander⁴², T Stivers⁴², A Wagner⁴², L Benedit⁴³, M McCloskey⁴³, C R Morris⁴³, J Grunwell⁴³, S Hemani⁴³, A Locke⁴³, S Baumer-Mouradian⁴⁴, N Thompson⁴⁴, A Radowicz⁴⁴, E Rice⁴⁴, L Ambroggio⁴⁵, E Stenson⁴⁵, A Edid⁴⁵, J Jordon⁴⁵, A Festekjian⁴⁶, F Beltramo⁴⁶, S Ringold⁴⁶, J Perez⁴⁶, G Sant'Ana-Sapio⁴⁶, B Hickey⁴⁷, J Carcillo⁴⁷, S Young⁴⁷, J Dodson⁴⁸, M Badawy⁴⁸, A Dhar⁴⁸, N Booker⁴⁸, A Bird⁴⁸, C Lebel⁴⁸, E Hernandez⁴⁸, A Bayo⁴⁸, I Koutralis⁴⁹, J Chamberlain⁴⁹, M Sharron⁴⁹, K Hom⁴⁹, M Walker⁴⁹, M Vijayasekharan Rao⁴⁹, B Parrish⁴⁹, C Schanche-Perret Gentil⁴⁹, S A Latimer⁴⁹, F Abdelrahman⁴⁹, M Eckerle⁵⁰, E Stalets⁵⁰, M Schloemer⁵⁰, A Rogers⁵¹, S Gorga⁵¹, A Cator⁵¹, V Cervantes⁵¹, S Schick⁵¹, S Duffy⁵², R Rozenfeld⁵², T Chun⁵², I Bahamon⁵², N Hinz⁵², A Zahar⁵², E Ryan⁵², M Johnbaptiste⁵², M Ramirez⁵³, J Grad⁵³, E Alpern⁵⁴, M Barhight⁵⁴, J Kapes⁵⁴, A Lakes⁵⁴, M Samuels⁵⁴, J Benedetti⁵⁴, R Shannon⁵⁴, G Rohan⁵⁴, J Lloyd⁵⁵, M Hall⁵⁵, D Nelson⁵⁵, B Vance⁵⁵, K DiCostanzo⁵⁵, F Abayneh⁵⁵, K Clinton⁵⁵, K Rengel⁵⁵, M Kwok⁵⁶, P Wilson⁵⁶, J Ochs⁵⁶, M L Nye⁵⁶, Y Toribio⁵⁶, T Adler⁵⁶, R Lane⁵⁷, J Workman⁵⁷, T Harbour⁵⁷, J Mulvey⁵⁷, N Uspal⁵⁸, C Tran⁵⁸, A Rivero Chavez⁵⁸, M Tosch-Berneburg⁵⁸, C Nguyen⁵⁸, R Kwon⁵⁸, K Cappetto⁵⁸, A Tsogoo⁵⁸, B Strelitz⁵⁸, L Clukies⁵⁹, M Goldsmith⁵⁹, D Robinson⁵⁹, J McManemy⁶⁰, T Nguyen⁶⁰, V Gonzales⁶⁰, T Cao⁶⁰, C Vance⁶¹, N Kuppermann⁶¹, K Pimenta⁶¹, A Andrade⁶¹, M Han⁶¹, K Mansour⁶², Kevin Li⁶², L Lavrisha⁶², A Haider Ahmad⁶³, A A Rubi Banegas⁶³, A Ranjan⁶³, J Silverman⁶⁴, N Ferguson⁶⁴, M Scott⁶⁴, S Dalziel⁶⁵, M Bonisch⁶⁵, E Tan⁶⁶, J Neutze⁶⁶

Affiliations

¹ Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Children's Hospital, Wilmington, DE.
² Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
³ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
⁴ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Pediatric Sepsis Program, Philadelphia, PA.
⁵ Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
⁶ Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
⁷ Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Clinical Reporting Unit, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
⁸ Department of Emergency Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁹ Departments of Paediatrics and Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
¹⁰ Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
¹¹ Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹² Children's Emergency Department, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹³ Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary. AB, Canada.
¹⁴ Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
¹⁵ Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
¹⁶ Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA.
¹⁷ Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
¹⁸ Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.
¹⁹ The Royal Children's Hospital.
²⁰ Perth Children's Hospital.
²¹ Monash Children's Hospital.
²² Women's and Children's Hospital.
²³ The Children's Hospital at Westmead.
²⁴ Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick.
²⁵ Queensland Children's Hospital.
²⁶ Gold Coast University Hospital.
²⁷ Royal Darwin Hospital.
²⁸ Alberta Children's Hospital.
²⁹ British Columbia Children's Hospital.
³⁰ Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario.
³¹ Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre.
³² Jim Pattison Children's Hospital.
³³ Stollery Children's Hospital.
³⁴ center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine.
³⁵ The Children's Hospital of Winnipeg.
³⁶ center Hospitalier de l'Université Laval.
³⁷ Hospital for Sick Children.
³⁸ McMaster Children's Hospital.
³⁹ IWK Health center.
⁴⁰ Kingston Health Sciences center.
⁴¹ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
⁴² Boston Children's Hospital.
⁴³ Emory University; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta.
⁴⁴ Medical College of Wisconsin.
⁴⁵ Children's Hospital Colorado.
⁴⁶ Children's Hospital Los Angeles.
⁴⁷ Children's Hospital Pittsburgh.
⁴⁸ Children's Medical Center of Dallas.
⁴⁹ Children's National Hospital.
⁵⁰ Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
⁵¹ CS Mott Children's Hospital.
⁵² Hasbro Children's Hospital.
⁵³ New York University Langone Medical Center.
⁵⁴ Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.
⁵⁵ Nationwide Children's Hospital.
⁵⁶ Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.
⁵⁷ Primary Children's Hospital.
⁵⁸ Seattle Children's Hospital.
⁵⁹ St. Louis Children's Hospital.
⁶⁰ Texas Children's Hospital.
⁶¹ University of California Davis Health System.
⁶² UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital.
⁶³ University of Texas MD Anderson.
⁶⁴ Virginia Commonwealth University.
⁶⁵ Starship Hospital.
⁶⁶ Kidz First Children's Hospital.

PMID: 40172287
PMCID: PMC12140908 (available on 2026-06-01)
DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003737

Abstract

Objective: Severe acute kidney injury (AKI) portends poor outcomes in pediatric sepsis. We evaluated the trajectory and prognostic utility of AKI biomarkers in pediatric septic shock using a subset of participants in the ongoing Pragmatic Pediatric Trial of Balanced vs. Normal Saline Fluid in Sepsis (PRoMPT BOLUS) trial, NCT04102371. We tested whether fluid volume is associated with persistent elevation of urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (Ur-NGAL).

Design: Prospective, non-prespecified cohort study within the PRoMPT BOLUS trial.

Setting: Three children's hospitals in the United States.

Patients: Four hundred seventy-eight patients aged 2 months to younger than 18 years old with septic shock.

Interventions: None.

Measurements and main results: Ur-NGAL, kidney injury molecule-1, liver fatty acid binding protein, and interleukin-18 and plasma cystatin C were collected at presentation (T1), days 2-3 (T2), and before discharge/death (T3). At presentation, 418 (88%) had no or only stage 1 AKI and 60 (12%) had stage 2/3 AKI defined using Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes creatinine thresholds. All biomarkers were higher with stage 2/3 compared with no/stage 1 AKI at T1 and T2, but only cystatin C remained higher at T3. Among patients with no/stage 1 AKI at presentation, those with Ur-NGAL greater than or equal to 150 vs. less than 150 ng/mL had fewer hospital-free days (21 [interquartile range (IQR) 15-24] vs. 23 d [IQR 19-25], p = 0.05). After applying inverse probability treatment weighting to balance covariates, 14% of patients who received greater than 100 mL/kg within 48 hours had persistently elevated Ur-NGAL over time compared with 6% who received 40-100 mL/kg (odds ratio 2.7 [95% CI, 1.1-6.2]). Hospital-free days were no different across fluid volume groups.

Conclusions: Although kidney injury biomarkers mirrored serum creatinine in children with septic shock, elevated Ur-NGAL identified a subset with subclinical AKI with fewer hospital-free days despite no/stage 1 AKI by creatinine. Children receiving greater than 100 mL/kg fluid had greater odds of early and persistently elevated Ur-NGAL, suggesting high fluid volumes may perpetuate initial kidney damage.

Keywords: acute kidney injury; biomarkers; child; resuscitation; sepsis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Fitzgerald received research grant support from BioPorto unrelated to the current study. Dr. Weiss’ institution received funding from the Pennsylvania Department of Health Formula (4100085749), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (R01HD101528), and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) (R01GM145698). Drs. Weiss, Fitzgerald, Singh, Artis, Tsemberis, Campos, C. Hickey, Eckerle, R.W. Hickey, Kuppermann, and Balamuth received support for article research from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Dr. Fitzgerlad’s institution received funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania CURE Grant and BioPorto. Drs. Artis’, Campos’, and Balamuth’s institutions received funding from the NIH. Dr. Artis’ institution received funding from the Pennsylvania Department of Health. Drs. Campos’ and Balamuth’s institutions received funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Dr. C. Hickey’s institution received funding from CURE. Dr. R.W. Hickey’s institution received funding from the Pennsylvania Department of Health and the NIGMS. Dr. Kuppermann’s institution received funding from the NICHD. Dr. Balalmuth’s institution received funding from Emergency Medical Services for Children. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.

References

1. Schlapbach LJ, Watson RS, Sorce LR, et al.: International Consensus Criteria for Pediatric Sepsis and Septic Shock. JAMA 2024; 331:665–674 - PMC - PubMed
1. Fitzgerald JC, Basu RK, Akcan-Arikan A, et al.: Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatric Severe Sepsis: An Independent Risk Factor for Death and New Disability. Crit Care Med 2016; 44:2241–2250 - PMC - PubMed
1. Fitzgerald JC, Ross ME, Thomas NJ, et al.: Risk factors and inpatient outcomes associated with acute kidney injury at pediatric severe sepsis presentation. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:1781–1790 - PubMed
1. Kaddourah A, Basu RK, Bagshaw SM, et al.: Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children and Young Adults. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:11–20 - PMC - PubMed
1. Basu RK, Kaddourah A, Terrell T, et al.: Assessment of Worldwide Acute Kidney Injury, Renal Angina and Epidemiology in Critically Ill Children (AWARE): A Prospective Study to Improve Diagnostic Precision. J Clin Trials 2015; 5 - PMC - PubMed

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Time Course of Kidney Injury Biomarkers in Children With Septic Shock: Nested Cohort Study Within the Pragmatic Pediatric Trial of Balanced Versus Normal Saline Fluid in Sepsis Trial

Collaborators

Affiliations

Time Course of Kidney Injury Biomarkers in Children With Septic Shock: Nested Cohort Study Within the Pragmatic Pediatric Trial of Balanced Versus Normal Saline Fluid in Sepsis Trial

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Miscellaneous