Review

. 2025 May;57(5):1074-1088.

doi: 10.1038/s41588-025-02127-z. Epub 2025 Apr 2.

Psychiatric genetics in the diverse landscape of Latin American populations

Estela M Bruxel^#^{1

2}, Diego L Rovaris^#³, Sintia I Belangero^{4

5}, Gabriela Chavarría-Soley⁶, Alfredo B Cuellar-Barboza^{7

8}, José J Martínez-Magaña^{9

10}, Sheila T Nagamatsu^{9

10}, Caroline M Nievergelt^{11

12

13}, Diana L Núñez-Ríos^{9

10}, Vanessa K Ota^{4

5}, Roseann E Peterson¹⁴, Laura G Sloofman¹⁵, Amy M Adams¹⁶, Elinette Albino¹⁷, Angel T Alvarado¹⁸, Diego Andrade-Brito⁹, Paola Y Arguello-Pascualli¹⁹, Cibele E Bandeira³, Claiton H D Bau^{20

21}, Cynthia M Bulik^{22

23}, Joseph D Buxbaum¹⁵, Carolina Cappi¹⁵, Nadia S Corral-Frias²⁴, Alejo Corrales²⁵, Fabiana Corsi-Zuelli²⁶, James J Crowley²⁷, Renata B Cupertino¹¹, Bruna S da Silva²⁸, Suzannah S De Almeida^{15

29

30}, Juan F De la Hoz^{31

32}, Diego A Forero³³, Gabriel R Fries³⁴, Joel Gelernter^{9

10}, Yeimy González-Giraldo³⁵, Eugenio H Grevet³⁶, Dorothy E Grice¹⁵, Adriana Hernández-Garayua^{9

10}, John M Hettema¹⁶, Agustín Ibáñez^{37

38}, Iuliana Ionita-Laza^{39

40}, Maria Claudia Lattig⁴¹, Yago C Lima³, Yi-Sian Lin², Sandra López-León^{42

43}, Camila M Loureiro²⁶, Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño⁴⁴, Gabriela A Martínez-Levy^{45

46}, Kyle Melin⁴⁷, Daniel Moreno-De-Luca⁴⁸, Carolina Muniz Carvalho⁴⁹, Ana Maria Olivares⁵⁰, Victor F Oliveira³, Rafaella Ormond⁵¹, Abraham A Palmer^{11

12}, Alana C Panzenhagen^{52

53}, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno⁵⁴, Qian Peng⁵⁵, Eduardo Pérez-Palma⁵⁶, Miguel L Prieto^{57

58}, Panos Roussos³⁰, Sandra Sanchez-Roige^{11

12

13}, Hernando Santamaría-García⁵⁹, Flávio M Shansis^{60

61}, Rachel R Sharp⁶², Eric A Storch⁶³, Maria Eduarda A Tavares²⁰, Grace E Tietz², Bianca A Torres-Hernández⁴⁷, Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues⁶⁴, Pilar Trelles⁶⁵, Eva M Trujillo-ChiVacuan^{66

67}, Maria M Velásquez⁶⁸, Fernando Vera-Urbina⁴⁷, Georgios Voloudakis³⁰, Talia Wegman-Ostrosky⁶⁹, Jenny Zhen-Duan⁷⁰, Hang Zhou^{9

10}; Latin American Genomics Consortium; Marcos L Santoro⁵¹, Humberto Nicolini⁷¹, Elizabeth G Atkinson^{72

73}, Paola Giusti-Rodríguez⁷⁴, Janitza L Montalvo-Ortiz^{75

76

77}

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

Latin American Genomics Consortium:
Bruna S da Silva, Suzannah S De Almeida, Juan F De la Hoz

Affiliations

¹ Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
² Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
³ Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴ Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵ Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶ Escuela de Biología y Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
⁷ Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México.
⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹⁰ Psychiatry Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹² Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹³ Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Genomics in Health, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
¹⁷ School of Health Professions, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
¹⁸ Research Unit in Molecular Pharmacology and Genomic Medicine, VRI, San Ignacio de Loyola University, La Molina, Perú.
¹⁹ Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
²⁰ Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
²¹ Laboratory of Developmental Psychiatry, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
²² Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
²³ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁴ Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, México.
²⁵ Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
²⁶ Department of Neuroscience, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²⁷ Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
²⁸ Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
²⁹ Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
³⁰ Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
³¹ Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
³² Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
³³ School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá, Colombia.
³⁴ Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
³⁵ Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia.
³⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
³⁷ Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
³⁸ Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
³⁹ Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁴⁰ Department of Statistics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
⁴¹ Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁴² Quantitative Safety Epidemiology, Novartis Pharma, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
⁴³ Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Pathology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Genetics, Subdirectorate of Clinical Research, National Institute of Psychiatry, México City, México.
⁴⁶ Department of Cell and Tissular Biology, Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, México City, México.
⁴⁷ School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
⁴⁸ Precision Medicine in Autism Group, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Alberta Health Services, CASA Mental Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁴⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁰ Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵¹ Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵² Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
⁵³ Laboratório de Pesquisa Translacional em Comportamento Suicida, Universidade do Vale do Taquari, Lajeado, Brazil.
⁵⁴ Departmento de Genetica e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁵ Department of Neuroscience, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁵⁶ Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Centro de Genética y Genómica, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
⁵⁷ Mental Health Service, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
⁵⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
⁵⁹ PhD Program of Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Hospital San Ignacio, Center for Memory and Cognition, Intellectus, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶⁰ Graduate Program of Medical Sciences, Universidade do Vale do Taquari, Lajeado, Brazil.
⁶¹ Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁶² Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁶³ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
⁶⁴ Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶⁶ Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Eating Disorders Treatment Center, Monterrey, México.
⁶⁷ Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México.
⁶⁸ Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶⁹ Precision Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México City, México.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷¹ Laboratorio de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas, Neurodegenerativas y Adicciones, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, México.
⁷² Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Elizabeth.Atkinson@bcm.edu.
⁷³ Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. Elizabeth.Atkinson@bcm.edu.
⁷⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA. giustirodriguezp@ufl.edu.
⁷⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. janitza.montalvo-ortiz@yale.edu.
⁷⁶ Psychiatry Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA. janitza.montalvo-ortiz@yale.edu.
⁷⁷ Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. janitza.montalvo-ortiz@yale.edu.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40175716
PMCID: PMC12133068 (available on 2025-11-01)
DOI: 10.1038/s41588-025-02127-z

Review

Psychiatric genetics in the diverse landscape of Latin American populations

Estela M Bruxel et al. Nat Genet. 2025 May.

. 2025 May;57(5):1074-1088.

doi: 10.1038/s41588-025-02127-z. Epub 2025 Apr 2.

Authors

Collaborators

Latin American Genomics Consortium:
Bruna S da Silva, Suzannah S De Almeida, Juan F De la Hoz

Affiliations

¹ Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
² Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
³ Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴ Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵ Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶ Escuela de Biología y Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
⁷ Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México.
⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹⁰ Psychiatry Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹² Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹³ Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Genomics in Health, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
¹⁷ School of Health Professions, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
¹⁸ Research Unit in Molecular Pharmacology and Genomic Medicine, VRI, San Ignacio de Loyola University, La Molina, Perú.
¹⁹ Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
²⁰ Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
²¹ Laboratory of Developmental Psychiatry, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
²² Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
²³ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁴ Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, México.
²⁵ Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
²⁶ Department of Neuroscience, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²⁷ Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
²⁸ Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
²⁹ Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
³⁰ Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
³¹ Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
³² Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
³³ School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá, Colombia.
³⁴ Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
³⁵ Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia.
³⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
³⁷ Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
³⁸ Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
³⁹ Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁴⁰ Department of Statistics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
⁴¹ Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁴² Quantitative Safety Epidemiology, Novartis Pharma, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
⁴³ Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Pathology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Genetics, Subdirectorate of Clinical Research, National Institute of Psychiatry, México City, México.
⁴⁶ Department of Cell and Tissular Biology, Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, México City, México.
⁴⁷ School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
⁴⁸ Precision Medicine in Autism Group, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Alberta Health Services, CASA Mental Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁴⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁰ Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵¹ Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵² Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
⁵³ Laboratório de Pesquisa Translacional em Comportamento Suicida, Universidade do Vale do Taquari, Lajeado, Brazil.
⁵⁴ Departmento de Genetica e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁵ Department of Neuroscience, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁵⁶ Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Centro de Genética y Genómica, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
⁵⁷ Mental Health Service, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
⁵⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
⁵⁹ PhD Program of Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Hospital San Ignacio, Center for Memory and Cognition, Intellectus, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶⁰ Graduate Program of Medical Sciences, Universidade do Vale do Taquari, Lajeado, Brazil.
⁶¹ Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁶² Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁶³ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
⁶⁴ Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶⁶ Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Eating Disorders Treatment Center, Monterrey, México.
⁶⁷ Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México.
⁶⁸ Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶⁹ Precision Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México City, México.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷¹ Laboratorio de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas, Neurodegenerativas y Adicciones, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, México.
⁷² Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Elizabeth.Atkinson@bcm.edu.
⁷³ Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. Elizabeth.Atkinson@bcm.edu.
⁷⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA. giustirodriguezp@ufl.edu.
⁷⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. janitza.montalvo-ortiz@yale.edu.
⁷⁶ Psychiatry Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA. janitza.montalvo-ortiz@yale.edu.
⁷⁷ Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. janitza.montalvo-ortiz@yale.edu.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40175716
PMCID: PMC12133068 (available on 2025-11-01)
DOI: 10.1038/s41588-025-02127-z

Abstract

Psychiatric disorders are highly heritable and polygenic, influenced by environmental factors and often comorbid. Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) through consortium efforts have identified genetic risk loci and revealed the underlying biology of psychiatric disorders and traits. However, over 85% of psychiatric GWAS participants are of European ancestry, limiting the applicability of these findings to non-European populations. Latin America and the Caribbean, regions marked by diverse genetic admixture, distinct environments and healthcare disparities, remain critically understudied in psychiatric genomics. This threatens access to precision psychiatry, where diversity is crucial for innovation and equity. This Review evaluates the current state and advancements in psychiatric genomics within Latin America and the Caribbean, discusses the prevalence and burden of psychiatric disorders, explores contributions to psychiatric GWASs from these regions and highlights methods that account for genetic diversity. We also identify existing gaps and challenges and propose recommendations to promote equity in psychiatric genomics.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: C.M.B. reports receiving royalties from Pearson Education. S.L.-L. is an employee of Novartis Pharma; the statements presented do not necessarily represent the position of the company. E.A.S. reports receiving research funding to his institution from the Ream Foundation, the International OCD Foundation and the NIH. He was a consultant for BrainsWay and Biohaven Pharmaceuticals in the past 12 months. He owns stock less than $5,000 in nView (for distribution of the Y-BOCS and the CY-BOCS). He receives book royalties from Elsevier, Wiley, Oxford, the American Psychological Association, Guildford, Springer, Routledge and Jessica Kingsley. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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Psychiatric genetics in the diverse landscape of Latin American populations

Collaborators

Affiliations

Psychiatric genetics in the diverse landscape of Latin American populations

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical