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. 2025 Mar 19:13:1413080.
doi: 10.3389/fchem.2025.1413080. eCollection 2025.

Iron ore pellets based-Ag2O nanoparticles as efficient Bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis tetrahydrobenzo[α]xanthens in green media

Ehsan Faryabi  1 , Enayatollah Sheikhhosseini  1 , Mahdieh Yahyazadehfar  1
Affiliations

Iron ore pellets based-Ag2O nanoparticles as efficient Bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis tetrahydrobenzo[α]xanthens in green media

Ehsan Faryabi et al. Front Chem. .

Abstract

Through the use of a microwave, iron ore pellets (IOP)-based Ag2O nanoparticles were successfully synthesized. They were then characterized by means of a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, EDX elemental mapping, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). High quantities of tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen derivatives were obtained in a brief amount of time by the newly prepared nanocomposite, known as Ag2O NP@IOP, in a one-pot, three-component reaction involving different aryl aldehydes, naphthol, and dimedone. There is no appreciable loss of catalytic activity when the catalyst is recycled and utilized several times, and it can be easily retrieved using an external magnet. The reason for functionality of designed hybrid catalyst can be related to textural properties such as desirable specific surface area and significant porosity as well as the structural nature of the Ag2O NP@IOP catalyst.

Keywords: Ag2O NP@IOP; benzoxanthens; green synthesis; iron ore pellets; multi-component reaction; reusable catalyst.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

SCHEME 1
SCHEME 1
The chemical structure of important compounds based on the xanthen unit (structures (A-E)).
SCHEME 2
SCHEME 2
Synthesis of Ag2O NP@IOP nanocatalyst.
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
XRD pattern of (A) IOP, and (B) Ag2O NP@IOP nanocomposite.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
(A) FESEM image, and (B) High resolution FESEM image of Ag2O NP/IOP nanocatalyst.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
TEM image of Ag2O NP/IOP nanocatalyst synthesized by microwave method.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
(A) EDX spectra of Ag2O NP@IOP nanocatalyst, and (B) Elemental mapping of Ag2O NP@IOP nanocatalyst.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
VSM magnetization curves of (A) IOP, and (B) Ag2O NP@IOP nanocatalyst.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
(A) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and (B) BJH results obtained for Ag2O NP@IOP nanocatalyst. aADS: Adsorption. bDES: Desorption.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
IR (KBr, υ/cm−1) curve of (A) Ag2O, (B) Iron Ore pellets (IOP), and (C) Ag2O NP@IOP.
SCHEME 3
SCHEME 3
Three-component and one-pot Preparation of tetrahydrobenzo[α]xanthen-11-ones in the presence of Ag2O NP@IOP nanocatalyst.
SCHEME 4
SCHEME 4
Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[α]xanthen-11-one derivatives.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Ag2O NP/IOP catalyst recovery diagram in the preparation of tetrahydrobenzo[α]xanthen-11-one derivatives.
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
(A) SEM image, (B) EDAX elemental analysis, and (C) XRD patterns of Ag2O NP@IOP nanocatalyst after recycled procedure.
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 10
(A) FT-IR spectra of fresh Ag2O NP@IOP nano-catalyst, and (B) FT-IR spectra of Ag2O NP@IOP nano-catalyst during the last run (5th) reuse cycle.
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