Resistance exercise and mechanical overload upregulate vimentin for skeletal muscle remodeling

Abstract

We adopted a proteomic and follow-through approach to investigate how mechanical overload (MOV) potentially affects novel targets in skeletal muscle, and how a perturbation in this response could potentially affect the adaptive response. First, we determined that 10 wk of resistance training in 15 college-aged females increased sarcolemmal-associated protein content (+10.1%, P < 0.05). Sarcolemmal protein isolates were then queried using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, ∼10% (38/387) of proteins putatively associated with the sarcolemma or extracellular matrix (ECM) were upregulated (>1.5-fold, P < 0.05), and one target (intermediate filament vimentin; VIM) warranted further investigation due to its correlation to myofiber hypertrophy (r = 0.652, P = 0.009). VIM expression was then examined in 4-mo-old C57BL/6J mice following 10 and 20 days of plantaris MOV via synergist ablation. Relative to Sham (control) mice, VIM mRNA and protein content was significantly higher in MOV mice, and immunohistochemistry indicated that VIM predominantly resided in the ECM. MOV experiments were replicated in Pax7-DTA (satellite cell depleted) mice, which reduced VIM in the ECM by ∼74%. A third MOV experiment was performed in C57BL/6 mice intramuscularly injected with either AAV9-scrambled (control) or AAV9-VIM-shRNA. Although VIM-shRNA mice possessed lower VIM in the ECM (∼45%), plantaris masses in response to MOV were similar between groups. However, VIM-shRNA mice possessed smaller and more centrally nucleated MyHC_emb-positive fibers in response to MOV. In summary, skeletal muscle VIM appears to be enriched in the ECM following MOV, satellite cells may regulate its expression, and a disruption in expression during MOV leads to an excessive regenerative phenotype.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our highly integrative approach suggests that skeletal muscle vimentin seems to function as a mechanosensitive protein that becomes enriched in the extracellular matrix following MOV. Satellite cells may play a role in regulating their expression, and an exaggerated regenerative response occurs when vimentin expression becomes dysregulated during mechanical overload. Although these data implicate vimentin in aiding with tissue remodeling following MOV, more data are needed to determine the functional ramifications of VIM response deficiencies.

Keywords: cytoskeletal protein; extracellular matrix; mechanical overload; muscle protein synthesis; skeletal muscle hypertrophy.