. 2025 Apr 3;12(1):570.

doi: 10.1038/s41597-025-04870-8.

Open Access Dataset and Common Data Model for Pulse Oximeter Performance Data

Nicholas Fong^{1

2

3}, Michael S Lipnick^{4

5

6}, Ella Behnke⁵, Yu Chou⁵, Seif Elmankabadi⁵, Lily Ortiz⁵, Christopher S Almond⁷, Isabella Auchus⁴, Garrett W Burnett⁸, Ronald Bisegerwa⁶, Desireé R Conrad⁹, Carolyn M Hendrickson¹⁰, Shubhada Hooli¹¹, Robert Kopotic¹², Gregory Leeb⁵, Daniel Martin¹³, Eric D McCollum¹⁴, Ellis P Monk¹⁵, Kelvin L Moore Jr^{16

6}, Leonid Shmuylovich¹⁷, J Brady Scott¹⁸, An-Kwok Ian Wong^{19

20}, Tianyue Zhou²¹, Romain Pirracchio⁴, Philip E Bickler^{4

5

6}, John Feiner^{4

5

6}, Tyler J Law^{22

23

24}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA. nick@ucsf.edu.
² University of California San Francisco Hypoxia Research Laboratory, San Francisco, USA. nick@ucsf.edu.
³ University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA. nick@ucsf.edu.
⁴ Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
⁵ University of California San Francisco Hypoxia Research Laboratory, San Francisco, USA.
⁶ University of California San Francisco Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia, San Francisco, USA.
⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA.
⁸ Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁹ Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
¹¹ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
¹² ISO Oximeters Joint Working Group Co-convener, Rockville Pike, USA.
¹³ Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
¹⁴ Global Program in Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.
¹⁶ University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, USA.
¹⁸ Division of Respiratory Care, Department of Cardiopulmonary Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, USA.
¹⁹ Duke University Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Durham, USA.
²⁰ Duke University Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Division of Translational Biomedical Informatics, Durham, USA.
²¹ Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
²² Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA. tyler.law@ucsf.edu.
²³ University of California San Francisco Hypoxia Research Laboratory, San Francisco, USA. tyler.law@ucsf.edu.
²⁴ University of California San Francisco Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia, San Francisco, USA. tyler.law@ucsf.edu.

PMID: 40180919
PMCID: PMC11968964
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-025-04870-8

Open Access Dataset and Common Data Model for Pulse Oximeter Performance Data

Nicholas Fong et al. Sci Data. 2025.

. 2025 Apr 3;12(1):570.

doi: 10.1038/s41597-025-04870-8.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA. nick@ucsf.edu.
² University of California San Francisco Hypoxia Research Laboratory, San Francisco, USA. nick@ucsf.edu.
³ University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA. nick@ucsf.edu.
⁴ Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
⁵ University of California San Francisco Hypoxia Research Laboratory, San Francisco, USA.
⁶ University of California San Francisco Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia, San Francisco, USA.
⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA.
⁸ Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁹ Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
¹¹ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
¹² ISO Oximeters Joint Working Group Co-convener, Rockville Pike, USA.
¹³ Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
¹⁴ Global Program in Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.
¹⁶ University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, USA.
¹⁸ Division of Respiratory Care, Department of Cardiopulmonary Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, USA.
¹⁹ Duke University Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Durham, USA.
²⁰ Duke University Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Division of Translational Biomedical Informatics, Durham, USA.
²¹ Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
²² Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA. tyler.law@ucsf.edu.
²³ University of California San Francisco Hypoxia Research Laboratory, San Francisco, USA. tyler.law@ucsf.edu.
²⁴ University of California San Francisco Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia, San Francisco, USA. tyler.law@ucsf.edu.

PMID: 40180919
PMCID: PMC11968964
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-025-04870-8

Abstract

The OpenOximetry Dataset stores clinical and lab pulse oximetry data. It supports measurements of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) by arterial blood gas co-oximetry and pulse oximetry (SpO2), alongside processed and unprocessed photoplethysmography (PPG) data and other metadata. This includes skin color measurements, finger diameter, vital signs (e.g., arterial blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide), and arterial blood gas parameters (e.g., acid-base balance, hemoglobin concentration). All data, from desaturation studies to clinical trials, are collected prospectively to ensure accuracy. A common data model and standardized protocols for consistent archival and interpretation ensure consistent data archival and interpretation. The dataset aims to facilitate research on pulse oximeter performance across diverse human characteristics, addressing performance issues and promoting accurate pulse oximeters. The initial release includes controlled lab desaturation studies (CLDS), with ongoing updates planned as further data from clinical trials and CLDS become available.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The UCSF Hypoxia Research Laboratory receives funding from pulse oximeter manufacturers/sponsors to test the sponsors’ devices for the purposes of product development and regulatory performance testing. Data submitted by the UCSF Hypoxia Lab for this dataset do not include Hypoxia Lab sponsors’ study devices unless the sponsor provides consent to include these data. Otherwise, all UCSF Hypoxia Lab data are collected from devices procured by the Hypoxia Lab for the purposes of independent research. At the time of this publication, no pulse oximeter company provides direct funding for the Open Oximetry Project, participates in study design or analysis, or is involved in the creation of this data dataset. None of the investigators who maintain this database own stock or equity interests in any pulse oximeter device companies. AIW holds equity and management roles in Ataia Medical. Atia Medical was not involved in study design, funding, or any portion of the study. There are no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Overview of the OpenOximitry Pulse Oximeter Performance Data Dataset. Data are collected from multiple sources at study time and are de-identified, dates shifted, and converted into open and accessible formats before being included in the Data Dataset.

**Fig. 2**
Graphical depiction of the 2023 Hypoxia Lab Study Protocol. Patients are desaturated to the specified SaO2 values, and blood gas samples are drawn while pulse oximeter readings are simultaneously recorded, with each sample/recording being labeled according to the sample number (in purple).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Open Access Data Repository and Common Data Model for Pulse Oximeter Performance Data.
Fong N, Lipnick MS, Behnke E, Chou Y, Elmankabadi S, Ortiz L, Almond CS, Auchus I, Burnett GW, Bisegerwa R, Conrad DR, Hendrickson CM, Hooli S, Kopotic R, Leeb G, Martin D, McCollum ED, Monk EP, Moore KL Jr, Shmuylovich L, Scott JB, Wong AI, Zhou T, Pirracchio R, Bickler PE, Feiner J, Law T. Fong N, et al. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2024 Aug 31:2024.08.30.24312744. doi: 10.1101/2024.08.30.24312744. medRxiv. 2024. Update in: Sci Data. 2025 Apr 03;12(1):570. doi: 10.1038/s41597-025-04870-8. PMID: 39252896 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint.

References

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1. Bickler, P. E., Feiner, J. R. & Severinghaus, J. W. Effects of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter accuracy at low saturation. Anesthesiology102, 715–719 (2005). - PubMed
1. Shi, C. et al. The accuracy of pulse oximetry in measuring oxygen saturation by levels of skin pigmentation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med.20, 267 (2022). - PMC - PubMed
1. Sjoding, M. W., Dickson, R. P., Iwashyna, T. J., Gay, S. E. & Valley, T. S. Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement. N. Engl. J. Med.383, 2477–2478 (2020). - PMC - PubMed
1. Emery, J. R. Skin pigmentation as an influence on the accuracy of pulse oximetry. J. Perinatol. Off. J. Calif. Perinat. Assoc.7, 329–330 (1987). - PubMed

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Open Access Dataset and Common Data Model for Pulse Oximeter Performance Data

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Open Access Dataset and Common Data Model for Pulse Oximeter Performance Data

Authors

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

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