Engineered stromal vascular fraction for tissue regeneration

Abstract

The treatment of various tissue injuries presents significant challenges, particularly in the reconstruction of large and severe tissue defects, with conventional clinical methods often yielding suboptimal results. However, advances in engineering materials have introduced new possibilities for tissue repair. Bioactive components are commonly integrated with synthetic materials to enhance tissue reconstruction. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF), an adipose-derived cell cluster, has shown considerable potential in tissue regeneration due to its simple and efficient way of obtaining and its richness in growth factors. Therefore, this review illustrated the preparation, characterization, mechanism of action, and applications of engineered SVF in various tissue repair processes, to provide some references for the option of better methods for tissue defect reconstruction.

Keywords: bone and cartilage regeneration; clinical trial; nerve regeneration; stromal vascular faction; wound healing.

FIGURE 1

Engineered adipose tissue-derived SVF in different tissue reconstruction

FIGURE 2

Cellular clusters in SVF are classified by function, including immune cells, mature cells, and stem/progenitor cells.

FIGURE 3

Applicable modes of engineered SVF. (A) SVF loaded in hydrogel for wound healing. Copyright with permission (Moreira et al., 2022) Copyright 2022 Elsevier. (B) SVF and MCAM filled in conduits for nerve defect regeneration. Reproduced with permission (Sawai et al., 2023) Copyright 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. (C) Autologous SVF injected into a 3D-printed scaffold for bone defects. Reproduced with permission (Singh et al., 2023) Copyright 2022 Wiley. (D) Adipose extraction immobilized in porous microspheres for osteoarthritis. Reproduced with permission (Han et al., 2022). Copyright 2022 Elsevier.

FIGURE 4

Engineered SVF for wound healing. (A) Schematic representation of SVF seeded in hydrogel for wound healing. Copy with permission (Moreira et al., 2022) Copyright 2022 Elsevier SVFnpv (SVF seeded in the material immediately after isolation), SVFpv (SVF cultured for 7 days in vitro in the material). (B) Wound closure with different treatments after 3, 7, 10, and 15 days. Copyright with permission Luo et al., 2024. Copyright 2024, Royal Society of Chemistry (Luo et al., 2024). (C) Representative laser Doppler spectroscopy images from day 0 and day 14 in a hindlimb ischemia mouse model. Copyright with permission Hu et al., 2020b. Copyright 2020 Front Bioengineering and Biotechnology (Hu et al., 2020a) (D) Images of Masson’s Trichrome staining at 28 days post-implantation. Scale bar = 50 μm. Copyright with permission (Moreira et al., 2022) Copyright 2022 Elsevier.

FIGURE 5

Engineered SVF for bone and cartilage reconstruction. (A) SVF loaded into hydrogel was injected into a 3D-printed scaffold for bone defect reconstruction. Copyright with permission (Singh et al., 2022) Copyright 2022 Elsevier. (B) Macroscopic evaluation at 6 weeks and 12 weeks after knee repairment. Copyright 2020 Li et al., Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology (Li et al., 2020). Scale bars = 5 mm. (C) 3D micro-CT reconstructions before (up) and after (down) chamber decalcification, which were implanted in inguinal sites for 8 weeks after a vascular contrast agent was administered. Scale bars = 1 mm. Copyright with permission (Vidal et al., 2020). Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (D) Micro-CT radiographs and reconstructions of ulnar defects in rabbits at 8 weeks. Scale bars = 10 mm. Copyright with permission (Vidal et al., 2020). Copyright 2020 Elsevier.

FIGURE 6

Disease distribution for clinical trials including SVF. Data was collected from clinicaltrials.gov.