doi: 10.23736/S2724-6051.25.06422-5.
Should every randomized controlled trial be considered Level 1 evidence?
Bernardo Rocco
1
, Maria C Sighinolfi
2
, Alessandro Antonelli
3
, Andrea Minervini
4
, Vipul Patel
5
, Rafael Coelho
6
, Marcio Covas Moschovas
5
, Michele Amenta
7
, Filippo Annino
8
, Riccardo Bertolo
3
, Marco Borghesi
9
, Pierluigi Bove
10
, Giorgio Bozzini
11
, Giovanni Cacciamani
12
, Antonio Celia
13
, Carlo Ceruti
14
, Orietta Dalpiaz
15
, Roberto Falabella
16
, Mario Falsaperla
17
, Antonio Galfano
18
, Fabrizio Gallo
19
, Francesco Greco
20
, Paolo Parma
21
, Antonio Pastore
22
, Giovanni Pini
23
, Angelo Porreca
20
, Carmine Sciorio
24
, Riccardo Schiavina
25
, Silvia Secco
18
, Tommaso Silvestri
13
, Virginia Varca
26
, Domenico Veneziano
27
, Paolo Verze
28
, Alessandro Volpe
29
, Stefano Zaramella
30
, Marco Sandri
31
, Cristian Fiori
32
, Luigi Schips
33
, Francesco Porpiglia
32
Affiliations
Affiliations
- 1 IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy - beranrdo.rocco@gmail.com.
- 2 IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
- 3 Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy.
- 4 Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
- 5 Adventhealth Orlando, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
- 6 Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo State, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- 7 ASL4 Veneto Orientale, Verona, Italy.
- 8 ULS8 Arezzo, San Donato Hospital, San Donato, Milan, Italy.
- 9 IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
- 10 Azienda Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
- 11 ASST Lariana, Como, Italy.
- 12 Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 13 San Bassiano Hospital, Bassano del Grappa, Vicenza, Italy.
- 14 Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy.
- 15 University of Graz Auenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria.
- 16 Azienda Ospedaliera San Carlo, Potenza, Italy.
- 17 Arnas Garibaldi, Catania, Italy.
- 18 Nigaurda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
- 19 San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy.
- 20 Humanitas Gavazzeni, Bergamo, Italy.
- 21 ASST Mantova, Mantova, Italy.
- 22 Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
- 23 San Raffaele Turro, Milan, Italy.
- 24 Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy.
- 25 Sant'Orsola Polyclinic, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- 26 Garbagnate Milanese Hospital, Garbagnate, Milan, Italy.
- 27 Northwell Health LIJ Valley Stream Hospital, University of Minho, New York, NY, USA.
- 28 San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona University, Salerno, Italy.
- 29 Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara, Italy.
- 30 ASL of Biella, Biella, Italy.
- 31 Big and Open Data Innovation Laboratory (BODaI-Lab), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
- 32 San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
- 33 Azienda di Chieti, ASL2 Abruzzo, Chieti, Italy.
- PMID: 40183187
- DOI: 10.23736/S2724-6051.25.06422-5
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Should every randomized controlled trial be considered Level 1 evidence?
Bernardo Rocco et al.
Minerva Urol Nephrol.
2025 Feb.
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doi: 10.23736/S2724-6051.25.06422-5.
Authors
Bernardo Rocco
1
, Maria C Sighinolfi
2
, Alessandro Antonelli
3
, Andrea Minervini
4
, Vipul Patel
5
, Rafael Coelho
6
, Marcio Covas Moschovas
5
, Michele Amenta
7
, Filippo Annino
8
, Riccardo Bertolo
3
, Marco Borghesi
9
, Pierluigi Bove
10
, Giorgio Bozzini
11
, Giovanni Cacciamani
12
, Antonio Celia
13
, Carlo Ceruti
14
, Orietta Dalpiaz
15
, Roberto Falabella
16
, Mario Falsaperla
17
, Antonio Galfano
18
, Fabrizio Gallo
19
, Francesco Greco
20
, Paolo Parma
21
, Antonio Pastore
22
, Giovanni Pini
23
, Angelo Porreca
20
, Carmine Sciorio
24
, Riccardo Schiavina
25
, Silvia Secco
18
, Tommaso Silvestri
13
, Virginia Varca
26
, Domenico Veneziano
27
, Paolo Verze
28
, Alessandro Volpe
29
, Stefano Zaramella
30
, Marco Sandri
31
, Cristian Fiori
32
, Luigi Schips
33
, Francesco Porpiglia
32
Affiliations
- 1 IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy - beranrdo.rocco@gmail.com.
- 2 IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
- 3 Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy.
- 4 Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
- 5 Adventhealth Orlando, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
- 6 Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo State, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- 7 ASL4 Veneto Orientale, Verona, Italy.
- 8 ULS8 Arezzo, San Donato Hospital, San Donato, Milan, Italy.
- 9 IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
- 10 Azienda Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
- 11 ASST Lariana, Como, Italy.
- 12 Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 13 San Bassiano Hospital, Bassano del Grappa, Vicenza, Italy.
- 14 Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy.
- 15 University of Graz Auenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria.
- 16 Azienda Ospedaliera San Carlo, Potenza, Italy.
- 17 Arnas Garibaldi, Catania, Italy.
- 18 Nigaurda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
- 19 San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy.
- 20 Humanitas Gavazzeni, Bergamo, Italy.
- 21 ASST Mantova, Mantova, Italy.
- 22 Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
- 23 San Raffaele Turro, Milan, Italy.
- 24 Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy.
- 25 Sant'Orsola Polyclinic, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- 26 Garbagnate Milanese Hospital, Garbagnate, Milan, Italy.
- 27 Northwell Health LIJ Valley Stream Hospital, University of Minho, New York, NY, USA.
- 28 San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona University, Salerno, Italy.
- 29 Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara, Italy.
- 30 ASL of Biella, Biella, Italy.
- 31 Big and Open Data Innovation Laboratory (BODaI-Lab), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
- 32 San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
- 33 Azienda di Chieti, ASL2 Abruzzo, Chieti, Italy.
- PMID: 40183187
- DOI: 10.23736/S2724-6051.25.06422-5
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