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Review
. 2025 Apr 4:15910199251329970.
doi: 10.1177/15910199251329970. Online ahead of print.

2024 middle meningeal artery embolization trials: A comprehensive review of past, recent, and ongoing trials

Avi A Gajjar  1 , Ali Naqvi  1 , John Y Chen  1 , Amanda Custozzo  1 , Alan S Boulos  1 , John C Dalfino  1 , Nicholas C Field  1 , Alexandra R Paul  1
Affiliations
Review

2024 middle meningeal artery embolization trials: A comprehensive review of past, recent, and ongoing trials

Avi A Gajjar et al. Interv Neuroradiol. .

Abstract

Background and objectivesMiddle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) has become a pivotal intervention in managing chronic subdural hematomas (cSDHs). This systematic review synthesizes past, recent, and ongoing clinical trials to assess MMAE's role in cSDH treatment.MethodsA systematic review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines, incorporating PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and reverse bibliography searches to identify clinical trials evaluating MMAE for cSDH. Inclusion criteria included randomized and nonrandomized trials reporting outcomes, such as recurrence rates and procedural safety. Case reports, retrospective reviews, and opinion pieces were excluded.ResultsSeven published and 15 ongoing trials were identified. Landmark randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including EMBOLISE, STEM, and MAGIC-MT, demonstrated reductions in hematoma recurrence and surgical rescues with MMAE, establishing its role as both an adjunctive and standalone therapy. Ongoing trials, such as EMPROTECT and CHESS, investigate diverse embolic agents, procedural strategies, and patient populations to optimize MMAE outcomes. However, challenges remain, including variability in patient selection criteria, embolic materials, and endpoints.ConclusionMMAE is an innovative and minimally invasive approach that has reshaped cSDH management. Evidence supports its efficacy and safety as an adjunct to surgery and a potential standalone therapy for select patients. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes, subgroup analyses, and standardization of protocols to further refine its application and integration into clinical practice.

Keywords: MMAE; chronic subdural; embolization; middle meningeal; trials.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: ARP is a consultant for Microvention, IRRAS, Penumbra, Medtronic, and NICO. Remaining authors had no conflicting interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Timeline of notable MMAE studies.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
PRISMA flowchart.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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