Training-Intensity Distribution, Volume, Periodization, and Performance in Elite Rowers: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Purpose: This study systematically reviewed the literature on elite rowers' training-intensity distribution (TID), volume, periodization, physiological determinants, and performance characteristics.

Methods: Three electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) were searched using relevant terms. Studies investigating and detailing training load (TID, volume, and periodization) and reporting data of physiological determinants or performance in elite rowers were included.

Results: Nine studies (N = 82 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Training volume varied between 10 and 31 h·wk-1, typically being between 14 and 20 h·wk-1. The pyramidal TID pattern, which involves a progressive reduction in training volume from zone 1 (intensity at or below lactate threshold [LT1]) to zone 2 (intensity between LT1 and LT2, corresponding to blood lactate levels between 2 and 4 mmol·L-1) and zone 3 (intensity above LT2) was most commonly used by elite rowers. Flexible seasonal TIDs were observed, whereby the combined training in zones 2 and 3 approached or exceeded 20%, and zone 1 training comprised more than 50%. Flexible TIDs were associated with greater improvements in physiological determinants and performance. Elite rowers typically employed a traditional periodization model, progressively transitioning from pyramidal toward a polarized TID model as they moved from preparation to competition phases.

Conclusions: Elite rowers most commonly adopted a seasonal pyramidal model with variable volume. No evidence suggests that a particular TID or periodization model has a significant advantage. Conversely, TID models do not seem to differentiate training adaptations in rowing training, but specific TID percentages might.

Keywords: elite athletes; endurance training; precompetition; tapering.