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. 2025 Apr 4;33(1):57.
doi: 10.1186/s13049-025-01324-3.

The impact of concurrency conflicts on optimal location of air ambulance bases in Norway

Jo Røislien  1   2 , Pieter L van den Berg  3 , J Theresia van Essen  4 , Oddvar Uleberg  5   6   7 , Caroline Jagtenberg  8
Affiliations

The impact of concurrency conflicts on optimal location of air ambulance bases in Norway

Jo Røislien et al. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. .

Abstract

Background: Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) are important in many health care systems. In order to best utilize this expensive healthcare service, the location of HEMS bases is key. Concurrency conflicts is a prominent deviation for not completing missions, yet is often overlooked in mathematical modelling. The aim of the present study was to calculate optimal air ambulance base locations when accounting for the potential unavailability of helicopters due to concurrency conflicts.

Methods: We used incident data for Norway from 2015. Optimal helicopter base locations were estimated using the Maximum Expected Covering Location Problem (MEXCLP) optimization model, allowing for estimation of the impact of concurrency conflicts by introducing a busy fraction parameter in the model. We explored busy fractions of 0, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30, representing helicopters on the HEMS bases being busy 0, 10, 20 and 30% of the time, respectively. Both greenfield scenarios and simulations conditioned on the existing base structure were explored.

Results: The 428 municipalities had a median (5-95 percentile) of 10 (2-38) incidents. Assuming a helicopter is always available, the existing bases cover an estimated 73.6% of the incidents within 30 min. Increasing the busy fraction in the calculations resulted in a significant decrease in estimated coverage. Re-arranging the currently available 14 helicopters in a greenfield analysis increases coverage to 91.9%. Increasing the busy fraction in the models, the mathematically optimal solutions put increasingly more emphasis on the more densely populated greater Oslo area, removing helicopters from northern Norway and the coastal areas, where population is more spread.

Conclusion: The busy fraction significantly impacts the optimal location of air ambulance bases, with higher busy fractions resulting in more helicopters being placed in the more densely populated areas where demand is higher. However, the actual busy fractions reported in the Norwegian HEMS system seem to be of a magnitude small enough to have little impact on the optimal location of HEMS bases and helicopters. To determine the impact of adjusting for non-homogeneous busy fractions across the country more refined busy fraction models are needed.

Keywords: Air ambulance; Busy fraction; Concurrency conflicts; Coverage; Facility location problem; HEMS; Incidents; MCLP; MEXCLP.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The 428 municipalities in Norway in 2015, with colors indicating the total number of incidents that year, along with the current 13 HEMS bases
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Busy fractions for the 12 Norwegian HEMS bases 2004–2014, demonstrating variation both between and within bases from year to year
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Optimal location of 13, 14 or 15 bases (rows), using a 30-minute threshold and busy fractions (bf) of 0, 10, 20 and 30% (columns)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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