A narrative review of the factors that affect the mechanical properties of polymer-infiltrated ceramics used for dental restorations

Abstract

Objectives: This study reviewed the literature on polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks (PICN), summarized factors influencing their mechanical properties, and examined future research directions.

Background: Polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks integrate a porous ceramic framework with an interpenetrating resin composite, combining the advantages of organic and inorganic components. Their mechanical properties depend on multiple factors, including ceramic scaffold materials, structure, fabrication methods, resin compositions, and resin-ceramic bonding. However, challenges such as low flexural strength and suboptimal aesthetics limit their clinical application.

Data & sources: A literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. Keywords included "polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks," "porous ceramic," "ceramic network," and "resin composite." A total of 243 studies were identified, with 40 meeting the inclusion criteria after applying exclusion parameters.

Conclusions: The mechanical properties of PICNs are influenced by scaffold composition, structural features, and fabrication techniques. High-strength ZrO₂ offers advantages as a ceramic scaffold, while advanced fabrication methods such as three-dimensional printing and freeze-casting allow for controlled pore characteristics and biomimetic structures. Structural parameters such as porosity, pore shape, size, and connectivity play a critical role in mechanical performance. Despite these advancements, research on resin composition and ceramic surface treatment before resin infiltration remains limited. To enhance the mechanical and aesthetic performance of PICNs, further studies are needed to optimize ceramic scaffold design, resin formulations, and infiltration techniques. Improved resin-ceramic bonding strategies will be essential for advancing PICN-based restorations for long-term clinical success.

Clinical significance: Polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks provide a nature-inspired alternative for dental restorations. However, their clinical use is limited by low flexural strength and suboptimal aesthetics. Advances in ceramic fabrication, resin formulations, and bonding techniques are crucial for improving their durability, wear resistance, and overall clinical performance.

Keywords: Ceramic network; Fabrication methods; Mechanical properties; Resin composites.