Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jul;134(1):199-206.
doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2025.03.009. Epub 2025 Apr 7.

Evaluating the validity and consistency of artificial intelligence chatbots in responding to patients' frequently asked questions in prosthodontics

Maryam Gheisarifar  1 , Marwa Shembesh  1 , Merve Koseoglu  2 , Qiao Fang  1 , Fatemeh Solmaz Afshari  3 , Judy Chia-Chun Yuan  4 , Cortino Sukotjo  5
Affiliations
Free article

Evaluating the validity and consistency of artificial intelligence chatbots in responding to patients' frequently asked questions in prosthodontics

Maryam Gheisarifar et al. J Prosthet Dent. 2025 Jul.
Free article

Abstract

Statement of problem: Healthcare-related information provided by artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots may pose challenges such as inaccuracies, lack of empathy, biases, over-reliance, limited scope, and ethical concerns.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the validity and consistency of responses to prosthodontics-related frequently asked questions (FAQ) generated by 4 different chatbot systems.

Material and methods: Four prosthodontics domains were evaluated: implant, fixed prosthodontics, complete denture (CD), and removable partial denture (RPD). Within each domain, 10 questions were prepared by full-time prosthodontic faculty members, and 10 questions were generated by GPT-3.5, representing its top frequently asked questions in each domain. The validity and consistency of responses provided by 4 chatbots: GPT-3.5, GPT-4, Gemini, and Bing were evaluated. The chi-squared test with the Yates correction was used to compare the validity of responses between different chatbots (α=.05). The Cronbach alpha was calculated for 3 sets of responses collected in the morning, afternoon, and evening to evaluate the consistency of the responses.

Results: According to the low threshold validity test, the chatbots' answers to ChatGPT's implant-related, ChatGPT's RPD-related, and prosthodontists' CD-related FAQs were statistically different (P<.001, P<.001, and P=.004, respectively), with Bing being the lowest. At the high threshold validity test, the chatbots' answers to ChatGPT's implant-related and RPD-related FAQs and ChatGPT's and prosthodontists' fixed prosthetics-related and CD-related FAQs were statistically different (P<.001, P<.001, P=.004, P=.002, and P=.003, respectively), with Bing being the lowest. Overall, all 4 chatbots demonstrated lower validity at the high threshold than the low threshold. Bing, Gemini, and ChatGPT-4 chatbots displayed an acceptable level of consistency, while ChatGPT-3.5 did not.

Conclusions: Currently, AI chatbots show limitations in delivering answers to patients' prosthodontic-related FAQs with high validity and consistency.

PubMed Disclaimer