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. 2025 Apr 8;24(1):393.
doi: 10.1186/s12912-025-02979-0.

Comparison of peripheral intravenous catheterization applied to different anatomical sites in terms of pain, phlebitis and infiltration

Feride Kaplan  1 , Hanife Çelik  2 , Hakime Aslan  3 , Seher Çevik Aktura  4
Affiliations

Comparison of peripheral intravenous catheterization applied to different anatomical sites in terms of pain, phlebitis and infiltration

Feride Kaplan et al. BMC Nurs. .

Abstract

Aim: This study was conducted to compare peripheral intravenous catheterization (PIVC) at different anatomical sites in terms of pain, phlebitis and infiltration.

Material and methods: The study was a comparative-descriptive study. The population of the study consisted of all adult patients being treated and receiving intravenous drug therapy in a state hospital. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 154 patients who met the inclusion criteria for the study and were selected by non-probability sampling method. The "Patient Information Form" created by the researchers, "Phlebitis and Infiltration Scale" and "Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)" were used to collect data.

Results: In the study, it was determined that there was no significant difference between the degree of phlebitis, time of phlebitis and degree of infiltration between the PIVC applied upper hand, forearm and antecubital regions (p > 0.05), but there was a significant difference between the regions in terms of pain (p < 0.05). It was determined that the severity of pain upper hand was significantly higher than the other groups.

Conclusion: PIVC's applied at different anatomical sites were similar in terms of the risk of phlebitis and infiltration, but pain intensity was much higher upper hand. It has been determined that various factors related to the patient, nurse and other variables affecting the level of phlebitis, infiltration and pain are effective.

Keywords: Infiltration; Nurse; PIVC; Pain; Phlebitis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Before the start of the study, ethical approval was obtained from the Bingol University Health Sciences Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee and institutional permission (Decision number: 2022/15) was obtained from the relevant hospital. At the same time, the purpose of the research was explained to the patients, their verbal/written consent was obtained and they were informed that they could withdraw from the research at any time. Confidentiality of patient data and identity information was ensured. The research was conducted in accordance with the Principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication: No, the results/data/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere, nor are they under consideration (from you or one of your Contributing Authors) by another publisher. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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