Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Apr 8;23(1):30.
doi: 10.1186/s12959-025-00713-z.

The effect of combined oral contraceptives on thrombin generation assessed on ST Genesia- a paired clinical study

Jesper Strandberg  1   2 , Inger Lise Gade  3   4 , Jette Nybo  5 , Janus Nikolaj Laust Thomsen  6 , Søren Risom Kristensen  5   3
Affiliations

The effect of combined oral contraceptives on thrombin generation assessed on ST Genesia- a paired clinical study

Jesper Strandberg et al. Thromb J. .

Abstract

Background: Treatment with combined oral contraceptives (COC) is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Several changes of coagulant and anticoagulant factors induced by ethinyloestradiol during treatment with COC, have been demonstrated. Thrombin generation is a global test measuring both coagulant and anticoagulant factors, but the effect of COC on individuals starting COC, has not been examined before on the new equipment, ST Genesia. The aim of this project was to examine the effect of COC on thrombin generation on ST Genesia, in individuals before and after starting COC.

Methods: Twenty-four female participants between 15 and 34 years of age, who were about to start treatment with ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel-containing COC, were included in the study. Two blood samples were drawn from each of the study subjects, a baseline sample immediately before first COC dose, and a follow-up blood sample approximately 3-4 months after COC start. Standard biochemical analyses as well as standard and special coagulation analyses including thrombin generation on ST Genesia, were performed in all samples.

Results: Thrombin generation, i.e., endogenous thrombin generation (ETP) and peak increased considerably after COC start, whereas time-to-peak was shortened. Thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT), prothrombin fragments (F1 + 2) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) increased, and the coagulation inhibitors tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), protein S activity and antithrombin decreased slightly after COC start.

Conclusion: Although the coagulation factors only changed modestly, the global test thrombin generation performed on ST Genesia showed a considerable change after start of COC.

Keywords: Coagulation; Combined oral contraceptives; Thrombin generation; Thrombogenicity; Venous thromboembolism.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the regional Danish research ethics committee (N-20200098 ). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Baseline and 3-months follow-up thrombin generation results, presented as mean values with 95% confidence intervals (CI), with (+ TM) and without (-TM) thrombomodulin. TM = thrombomodulin
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. United, Nations. D.o.E.a.S.A., Population Division (2019)., Contraceptive Use by Method 2019: Data Booklet (ST/ESA/SER.A/435). 2019.
    1. Allen R. Combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: Patient selection, counselling, and use. Courtney A Schreiber, editor UpToDate. Last updated: April 22, 2024. Retrieved: January 24, 2025. 2024.
    1. Shahnazi M, et al. A comparison of second and third generations combined oral contraceptive pills’ effect on mood. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(8):e13628. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stanczyk FZ, Mathews BW, Cortessis VK. Does the type of progestin influence the production of clotting factors? Contraception. 2017;95(2):113–6. - PubMed
    1. van Hylckama Vlieg A, et al. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ. 2009;339:b2921. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources