Maternal blood platelet physiology and luteal-phase endocrinology as a means of monitoring pre- and postimplantation embryo viability following in vitro fertilization

Abstract

The discovery that the fertilized mouse ovum triggers an increased demand for platelets and results in thrombocytopenia during the preimplantation phase of pregnancy provides a monitor for embryo survival and viability. This paper reports a study in which the platelet count was significantly reduced throughout the human preimplantation phase of pregnancy and returned to normal following embryo implantation. The human embryo was shown to produce a platelet activating factor in vitro which caused the reduction in platelet count after embryo transfer. This factor in the embryo culture medium could be measured using a bioassay which provided a means of assessing embryo viability prior to transfer. Some women showed no reduction in platelets after transfer. These embryos failed to produce a platelet activating factor in vitro and pregnancy was not established. Other women displayed a reduction in platelets following transfer but failed to become pregnant. All of these women had elevated luteal-phase plasma E2 levels compared to pregnant patients, which may have interfered with the implantation process. Our observations provide a possible rapid and simple means for monitoring the viability of human embryos cultured in vitro and the survival of embryos in utero.